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POVERTY REDUCTION AS A STRATEGY FOR RURAL
DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
A CASE STUDY OF RIVERS STATE
ABSTRACT
The study took an
empirical analysis of poverty reduction strategies and its impact on rural
development a case study of rivers state. A total of one hundred and twenty
(120) formed the simple size. The research questions were analyzed using simple
percentages, frequencies and tables. While the null hypothesis was analyzed
using the chi-square (X2). It was found among other things that
there is no significant relationship between poverty reduction and standard of
living in Rivers State. It is therefore concluded that poverty reduction
strategies does not improve standard of living among other things. It is
recommended therefore that government should ensure that funds are channeled to
the appropriate quarters.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgment iv
Abstract v
Table of Contents vi
CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background the study 1
1.1 Statement of the problem 3
1.1 Statement of the problem 3
1.2 Objective of the study 3
1.3 Research question 4
1.4 Significance of the study 4
1.5 Research hypothesis 5
1.6 Organization of the study 5
1.7 Definition of terms 6
CHAPTER
TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Concept of theories of poverty 13
2.3 Causes of poverty 13
2.4 Dimension of poverty 15
2.5 Degree and types of poverty 16
2.6 Causes of poverty in Nigeria 19
2.7 Poverty reduction strategy in Nigeria 20
2.8 Strategies for poverty alleviation in Nigeria 23
2.9 The comings of the poverty alleviation 25
2.10 Rural poverty alleviation 26
2.11 Rural infrastructure 26
CHAPTER
THREE: METHOD OF STUDY
3.1 Research design 29
3.2 Source of data 29
3.3 Population of the study 30
3.4 Sampling/sample size determination 30
3.5 Data collection method 32
3.6 Data analysis technique 32
CHAPTER
FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Presentation of data 33
4.2 Data analysis 38
4.3 Test of hypothesis 39
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION,
RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Discussion 47
5.2 Recommendation 47
5.3 Conclusion 48
Appendix 49
References 53
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Poverty
is a global phenomenon which threatens human existence. In Nigeria today, more
than 70% of a population of about one hundred and forty million (140) people,
live below the poverty line. In Nigeria, poverty is seen according to Obaden
(1977), a lack of basic necessities, assets and income.
Again
this preview, poverty reduction is one of the most pressing problems facing the
entire country and beyond. Despite significant and stupendous improvements made
towards poverty reduction, it is very incredible to see the level of peasantry
and poverty premating all the nooks and crannies of the society especially in
Nigeria. Poverty manifest in so many ways and dimensions and its perception
varies from society to society that makes it difficult to have coverage of what
constitute poverty globally. This divergence in what poverty means
constitutively and operationally has made so many authors bringing out concept
like “relative poverty’ and absolute poverty.
Nigeria
as one of the largest countries in African continent, account for a major part
of the poorest people in the sub region. United nations report 2008 sees
Nigerian as a country with over 60% percent poverty rate with lack of energy,
food security, social amenities, blighted, educational settings, low GDP, less
per capital income etc. all these mentioned below are indices of a poor nation.
There has been an abated accretion in poverty in Nigeria. The issue of
corruption which is like a cankerworm has eaten deep in the fabrics of our
society is the major cause of poverty in country. Our leaders’ federal medieval
mindsets have continually plugged the country into squalors in the name of
leadership. Agencies of government have been created to fight corruption heed
lings but it stucfifiess the citizens that one has been caught with the
presence of EFCC, ICPC as code of conduct Bureau.
Various
studies has also shown that since 1988 when Nigeria experimented an adjustment
with growth strategy in line with the world bank prescription for depressed
economy, modest growth has been recorded but socio economic indicators. Poverty reduction has emerged as a major
policy concern within the development community as the world continues to
witness crushing poverty in certain part of the world despite massive increase
in wealth creation globally.
In
time past, international communities have increased their investment interest
and efforts at finding lasting solutions to (poverty reduction with little or
no success. Individuals and development economies that seem to ignore the
problems of poverty are now being forced by the effect of poverty to address
its consequences in more serious and meaningful terms. This concern has been
reflected in government policy statement in rivers state and other states of
the federation and both the government at the centre. Specific strategies are
put in place to reduce poverty in the state through a number of programmes. The
rivers state government in an attempt to reduce has embarked upon so many
programmes geared towards poverty reduction. For example the adolescent project
(TAP), women empowerment initiative (WEI), the state national poverty
eradication programme (NAPEP) rivers state sustainable development agency
(RSSDA), rivers state micro finance bank (RIMA) etc. some other ones were
domestically in the state like school to land programme etc. these are agencies
established to fight and rip poverty in the land. Although the experience so
far has raised questions on the impact of policies on poverty reduction in
rivers state, it is generally expected that in the long run if these programmes
are sustained would address the issue of poverty.
1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Gross
underdevelopment of the rivers rural communities where lack of electricity,
good water, good road network, financial poverty, material poverty, subsistence
living are prevalent in these communities. Poverty in this state has reached
crescendo where it is very difficult to eke out a living. These abysmal
failures to redeem the state from the shackles of poverty have necessity this
study. Also an attempt to draw a nexus between poverty reduction and strategies
adopted in rivers state is the thirst of this study.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The
objectives of the study will be hanged on the following:
a. To
examine the impact of poverty reduction programme on rural development.
b. To determine
the cause of poverty in rivers state.
c. To identify
the various strategies of poverty reduction in rivers state.
d. To determine
the effectiveness of various programmes in rivers state.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. To what extent does poverty impact on
standard living?
2. To
what extent does poverty reduction programme impact on rural development?
3. To
what extent is the effectiveness of poverty reduction impact on development?
4. To
what extent do these strategies reduce poverty?
5. To
what extent has the level of literacy contribute to poverty reduction in rivers
state?
6. To
what extent has agriculture helped in rural development and poverty reduction?
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The
significance of this study entails the benefits accruable from carrying out
this study. The government will benefit immensely by using the outcome of this
study in her policy formulation and implementation strategies. For students, it
will enrich their library and form bedrock in which other researchers will take
place. The schools will equally benefit from the social implication of this
study.
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
The
following hypothesis shall be used to provide answers to the research questions
and testing of hypothesis for the study.
H01:
There is no significant relationship between poverty reduction strategies and
rural development.
H02:
There is a significant relationship between poverty reduction and standard of
living in rivers state.
H03:
There is no significant relationship between poverty reduction and standard of
living in rivers state.
1.6 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
This
study has been divided into chapters.
Chapter
one or introduction contains background
of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, research
questions, significance of the study, research hypothesis, organization of the
study, definition of terms and references.
Chapter
two centers on the literature review, which includes the works of previous
writers in the topic and references to their theories.
Chapter
three presents the methodology of study, research design, data required, data
collection and techniques.
Chapter
four contains presentation and analysis of data. While chapter five deals the
summary of findings, conclusion and recommendation.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
The
essence of definition of terms is to ensure that the contextual and operational
meaning of a world is understood by reader. Therefore in order to achieve
comprehensibility, the following will be defined.
Development
This
has to do with desirable social and economic programmes
Poverty
This
is state of lack and deprivation in which one cannot afford the necessities of
life.
Efficiency
Achieving
results with the barest cost minimum.
Effectiveness
Achieving
results without recourse to cost implication ways and means of reaching a goal.
Rural Area
Those
isolated areas without basic social amenities.
Per Capital Income
This
is the total income earned divided by individual
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