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EFFECTS OF
CONTRACEPTIVE PATRONAGE AND RISK INVOLVEMENT AMONG FEMALE SECONDARY SCHOOL
STUDENTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the study
Contraceptive
is used as a form of emergency contraception (more commonly known as a morning
after pill). Contraceptive is formulated to function in a manner similar to the
female hormone progesterone, allowing for prevention of pregnancy if taken
within a reasonable period of time. Generally, it is recommended that
contraceptive be taken no later than three days after having unprotected sex.
However, it has proven to be more effective in cases where the treatment was
started closer to the time of the sexual encounter. Emergency contraception
(EC) can significantly reduce the rate of unintended pregnancies and unsafe
abortions especially in Nigeria. Despite the increasing awareness of EC among
educated young women in Nigeria, the rate of utilization remains low. This
study therefore explores the health implication of contraceptive among female
secondary school. The use of EC to analyze their knowledge of emergency
contraception, methods ever used, perceived efficacy, and its acceptability.
Participants
considered the use of condom and abstinence as the most effective methods of
preventing unplanned pregnancy. However, many participants were misinformed
about emergency contraception. Generally, participants relied on unconventional
and unproven EC; Ampiclox, “Alabukun”, salt water solution, and lime and potash
and perceived them to be effective in preventing unplanned pregnancies.
Furthermore, respondents’ narratives about methods of preventing unwanted
pregnancies revealed that inadequate information on emergency contraception,
reliance on unproven crude contraceptive methods, and misconception about
modern contraception constitute barriers to the use of emergency contraception.
Emergency contraception is the use of a drug or device to prevent pregnancy. It
could be used after an unprotected sexual intercourse, contraceptive failure,
and coerced unprotected sex or in cases of sexual assault. Studies have shown
that the rate of unplanned pregnancy is very high worldwide and unwanted
pregnancy is the main reason women seek abortion. Emergency contraception could
be very crucial in preventing unplanned pregnancies in settings where abortion
is illegal, however, following the evidence presented in the literature,
emergency contraception has not been demonstrated to have a population level
impact with regards to the reduction in the rate of unplanned pregnancies.
Globally, many unplanned pregnancies end up being aborted in safe and unsafe
conditions. In Nigeria, over half of unplanned pregnancies are aborted in unsafe
conditions leading to deaths and serious complications. Abortion-related
mortality accounts for an estimated 8 % of global maternal deaths.
Distressingly, half of the abortion-related mortality occurs among young women
especially in secondary school in Nigeria. This clearly suggests that secondary
school girls as a demographic segment have a special need for emergency
contraception.
The health
implication of contraceptive must be studied to know whether it have negative
or positive effect among secondary school girls; when taken in the middle of
the menstrual cycle, the preparation may inhibit ovulation. The pill can cause
changes in the menstrual cycle in the lady. Your next period could start
earlier or later than expected and flow can be lighter or heavier than normal.
It can cause nauseating feeling which occurs in approximately 25% of users
vomiting. It can also bring about bleeding disturbances in some cases, 2-3 days
following tablet ingestion .Sometimes it can cause breast tenderness, headache,
dizziness, fatigue.
In the
majority of cases the next period starts as expected or somewhat earlier, if
the period is more than 7 days late it is recommended to perform a pregnancy
test. In case of prolonged or heavy bleeding, gynecological examinations are advised.
If the user has a reported case of asthma, heart failure, hypertension,
migraine, epilepsy, renal impairment, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia,
depression, and / or stroke, the preparation may be used exclusively in the
above mentioned emergency cases. It is not appropriate for regular use.
Contraceptive is actually a very harsh drugs on young girls, most of the
secondary school girls may not follow the directives and it can cause damage to
their health.
1.2
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Contraceptives
are not intended as a regular method of contraception. It is used to prevent
pregnancy when taken within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse. It is
estimated that contraceptive like postinor-2 will prevent 85% of expected
pregnancies. 95% of expected pregnancies will be prevented if taken within the
first 24 hours, declining to 58% if taken between 48 hours and 72 hours after
unprotected intercourse. It is in view of this that the researcher intends to
investigate the health implication of such contraceptives among secondary
school student.
1.3
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main
objective of the study is to assess the health implication of contraceptive
patronage and risk involvement among female secondary school student.
Specifically,
the study intend to;
i) To assess
the effect of contraceptive among female secondary school student
ii) To
ascertain the relationship between contraceptive and female secondary school
student
iii) To
assess the rate of pregnancy among female secondary school student
iv) To
ascertain the rate of female secondary school student involvement patronizing
contraceptive.
1.4 RESEARCH
HYPOTHESES
For the
successful completion of the study, the following research hypotheses were
formulated by the researcher;
H0: there is
no effect of contraceptiveand risk involvement on female secondary school
student
H1: there is
effect of contraceptiveand risk involvement on female secondary school student
H02:there is
no significant relationship between contraceptive patronage and awareness level
among female secondary school student
H2: there is
significant relationship between contraceptivepatronage and awareness level
among female secondary school student
1.5
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It is
believed that at the completion of the study, the findings will be of benefit
to the federal ministry of education, ministry of health, secondary schools,
teachers, female secondary school student and all Nigerians. The study will
also be of great benefit to the researchers who intends to embark on research
on similar topics as it will serve as a guide.
1.6 SCOPE
AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of
this study covers the effects of contraceptive patronage and risk involvement
among female secondary school student. In the course of the study, the
researcher encounters some constrain which limited the scope of the study;
Time factor:
The time allocated to the researcher during the period of the study was limited
coupled with lectures and exams.
Financial
constraint: the finance at the disposal of the researcher during the course of
the study wasn’t sufficient enough to run the expenses of the research work.
1.7
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Patronage:
Patronage is the support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an
organization or individual bestows to another. In the history of art, arts
patronage refers to the support that kings, popes, and the wealthy have
provided to artists such as musicians, painters, and sculptors.
IMPLICATION:
The conclusion that can be drawn from something although it is not explicitly
stated.
HEALTH:
Health is the level of functional and metabolic efficiency of a living
organism. In humans it is the ability of individuals or communities to adapt
and self-manage.
Contraceptive:Hormonal
and Barrier Contraception. There are about 15 different types of contraceptives
which allow you to enjoy sex without the risk of getting pregnant. These birth
control methods include: condoms, the diaphragm, thecontraceptive pill,
implants, IUDs (intrauterine devices), sterilization and the morning after
pill.
FEMALE: of
or denoting the sex that can bear offspring or produce eggs, distinguished
biologically by the production of gametes (ova) which can be fertilized by male
gametes.
SECONDARY
SCHOOL: Secondary school is the next step up from primary school. Secondary
schools are often called high schools in the United States. In Britain,
secondary schools may be public schools, grammar schools or comprehensive
schools.
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