THE GLOBAL REVOLUTION IN MILITARY AFFAIRS AND COMBAT EFFECTIVENESS: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS FOR THE NIGERIAN ARMED FORCES
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THE GLOBAL
REVOLUTION IN MILITARY AFFAIRS AND COMBAT EFFECTIVENESS: CHALLENGES AND
PROSPECTS FOR THE NIGERIAN ARMED FORCES
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Weapons
technology has progressed within the last century. Munitions can now be
delivered with unprecedented precision; surveillance and reconnaissance systems
can provide amazingly detailed information about hostile forces, structures and
locations. A combination of data analysis and distribution systems can allow
this information to be rapidly exploited. Most military analysts agree that the
advances in military technology require a fundamental reappraisal and revision
of operational concepts to ensure that full advantage is exploited. This
combination of technological advances and revisions in operational concepts
represents a Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA).1
RMA is a
major change in the nature of warfare brought about by the innovative
application of new technologies. This leads to dramatic changes in military
doctrine, operational and organisational concepts. It will fundamentally alter
the character and conduct of military operations.2 Such revolutions have
occurred many times in history for a variety of reasons. The most obvious cause
is the technological thrust which started with the industrial age. The
invention of gun powder, the steam engine, submarine, internal combustion
engine, aeroplane, aircraft carrier and the atom bomb are some of the most
obvious innovations which led to changes in the conduct of modern warfare.
Some of
these technological advances originated in the civil sector. Other forms of RMA
were brought about by social military revolutions such as the development of
railways, which enabled military forces to be moved and supplied over great
distances.4 RMA has changed the spectrum of warfare in today’s dynamic battle
space. The effect has been demonstrated in recent wars after WW II. The Gulf
war was characterised by digital battle fields with state-of-the-art Precision
Guided Missiles (PGMs), cruise missiles and an exceptional display of air power
among others.
Advances in
technology have created a global environment with relatively unrestricted flow
of information. Thus there is now a gradual shift from the centre of gravity of
traditional methods of force and means of combat towards non-traditional
methods, including information. The ability to access the right information at
the right time has made tremendous impact on command and control. Nowadays,
information communications technology (ICT) tools are becoming real weapons,
not just in a metaphoric sense but in the direct sense as well.5 The drivers of
the current RMA are the PGMs, sensors, fibre optics and the miniaturisation of
microchips, global positioning systems (GPS), satellite technologies and
simulators. These are all products of ICT and components of network-centric
warfare (NCW). Therefore, the appropriateness of information could make a
difference in the outcome of a war.6
The pace of
technological advancement is unprecedented. In the past, technological
advancement was either contingent on or catalyzed by military needs, but today,
technological innovations seem to dictate the ways and means of war fighting.7
Developing countries therefore, need to cope with this wave of change and its
challenges. Developing countries like Egypt, Brazil and South Africa have some
advantages. They possess an appreciable level of technology and a strong
defence industrial base which can match some of the challenges. This is due to
the adaptation of technology available to their peculiar environments. Nigeria,
in view of her low defence industrial base, needs to examine the options
available. Modern technology is having an overwhelming influence on the world
and one is either part of it or prey to it.8 This is pertinent if Nigeria must
become relevant in the global RMA in order to be effective in modern warfare.
The next few
decades could pose both political and military challenges to Nigeria.10 These
challenges are occasioned by the quest to have a permanent seat in the UN
Security Council, regional power posture and Nigeria’s frontline role in the
cooperation and integration of Africa. The unavoidable characteristics of the
environment in which the Nigerian Armed Forces could fight in the future
dictate that her forces should be structured to face such challenges. Since
globalization has united the world into one village, the employment of the
Nigerian Armed Forces will not be limited to the West African arena alone. Today, internal conflicts within one state
are easily made international by global media coverage and many nations are
quickly drawn into them.11
The
situation in the Nigerian Armed Forces is that there has been scanty and
uncoordinated acquisition of modern platforms, weapons systems and equipment.
Consequently, some of those in the inventory are either becoming or are already
obsolete. Others have become degraded by long usage and poor maintenance.
Furthermore, strategies and processes for upgrading them are not clearly
defined due to lack of defined policies from the Ministry of Defence (MOD). The
situation is further compounded by the competition for resources by other
sectors of the economy in addition to the defence sector.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In the
Nigerian Armed Forces today, the development of technology facilities is at a
rudimentary state. Thus, were the Nigerian military to witness for example, an
information warfare attack on its ICT facilities it would face severe
challenges. Equally worrisome is the dearth of modern platforms, weapons
systems, equipment and the absence of appropriate policies to address the
problem. The situation is further compounded by the paucity of funds and a low
level of national technological and industrial base.
The Nigerian
Armed Forces since its inception starting with the Nigerian Army (NA) in 1883
has participated in both internal and external operations in the fulfilment of
its constitutional roles. However, the degraded and obsolete status of the
fighting equipment in its inventory has affected its fighting capability. In view of the role of the Nigerian Armed
Forces to achieve the objectives of the National Defence Policy, it would be
important to discover how the Nigerian Armed Forces could keep pace with trends
in global RMA. It would also be important to learn how the RMA can enhance
combat effectiveness. This is what generated the researcher’s interest in the
study. It is against this background, that the study seeks to answer the
following questions:
a. What constitutes a RMA?
b. What is the relationship between the RMA
and combat effectiveness?
c. What are the challenges for the Nigerian
Armed Forces in achieving a RMA?
d. What strategies and policies can be
employed to achieve a RMA for the Nigerian Armed Forces in order to enhance
combat effectiveness?
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