THE INFLUENCE OF DEMOGHRAPHIC VARIABLES ON THE PERCEPTION OF SCIENCE TEACHERS TOWARDS THE INCLUSION OF HIV/AIDS EDUCATION IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS
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THE
INFLUENCE OF DEMOGHRAPHIC VARIABLES ON THE PERCEPTION OF SCIENCE TEACHERS
TOWARDS THE INCLUSION OF HIV/AIDS EDUCATION IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS
ABSTRACT
Health is
wealth is a common saying among the people. For people to live a healthy life
many precautions will have to be taken. The health condition of the people is
of great concern to government and people who are involved in health care
delivery. One of the health problems facing our society now is the problem of
HIV/AIDS which has become epidemic. Reproductive health programmes has been
given a considerate focus in the health policies. The problem of AIDS has
become a global one for the United Nation Organisation (UNO) has declared
December 1st of every year the World AIDS Day. This Day was first marked on
1stDecember 1998. This is an effort to raise awareness to the unending
epidemic. Statistics from the 2003 edition of the AIDS epidemic by UNAIDS shows
that Two million dies of AIDS related causes in 2002. Efforts are being made to
find solution to this problem. HIV/AIDS has claimed the lives of 25 million
people since the start of the epidemic according to greater than one
organisation. The havoc HIV/AIDS has caused to human being is monumental. The
situation is worse in African Nations because of the poverty level. This
problem has been a source of worries to many African leaders and government as
well. According to Mandela (2002) “AIDS today in Africa is claiming more lives
than the sum total of all wars, famines and floods, and the ravages of such
deadly diseases as malaria. It is devastating families and communities,
overwhelming and depleting health care services, and robbing schools of both students
and teachers”. Therefore, this study investigate how teachers of Science
perceive the inclusion of HIV/AIDS Education in secondary schools as one way
being advocated for solution to the HIV/AIDS epidemic through education.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background to the Study
The Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which causes the Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome (AIDS) was first discovered in the early 1980s. it has spread more
rapidly than most diseases in recent history, having social cultural,
economical and moral repercussions on individuals, families, communities and
threatening foundations of entire societies. Over the years, the link between
HIV/AIDS and impoverishment has grown and even stronger as the diseases is
infecting and affecting the younger generation who are the productive labour
force of every economy. HIV infections are spreading quickly within the youth
populations and what happens to them today will determine what becomes of them
and their communities in the future. An estimated 11.8 million young people
aged 15-24 are living with HIV/AIDS, and half of all new infections, over 6,000
daily, are occurring among them. (The Joint United Nations Programme on
HIV/AIDS, UNAIDS, 2003.)
The World
Health Organization (WHO) has identified HIV/AIDS as one of the world’s first
health emergency and an urgent threat to global public health. It reveals that
HIV/AIDS is the worlds’ second widely spread communicable disease and the sixth
common cause of death globally. (WHO, 2004) In international circles in recent
years, it has received as much attention as other pressing global questions
like war, terrorism, environmental degradation among others. According UNAIDS
(2006), about 65 million people have been affected and more than 25 million
people have died of AIDS related causes. The situation is made even gloomier,
with 29 million new infections estimated by 2020 if prevention and treatment
are not accelerated.
The United
Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) report for 2006, states that
several countries report success in reducing HIV infections.
However, the
overall infection rate is on the rise. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) remains the
highest affected region. The WHO (2004) has classified HIV/AIDS as the main
cause of adult mortality in Africa. It affirms that about 3.1% and 3.9% of all
male and female deaths respectively are caused by AIDS related diseases. In the
same vein, UNAIDS (2006) fact sheet states that 63% of the global HIV/AIDS
infections are in Africa, South of the Sahara with the prevalence rate highest among
the age group 15-49 years. It is for which reason African heads of states
declared AIDS as a state of emergency in the continent during the African
Development Forum (2000).
UNAIDS/WHO
(2007) estimate the number of persons living with HIV worldwide is 33.2
million. Deaths related to HIV/AIDS declined from 2.2 million in 2005 to 2.0
million in 2007. However, the number of new infections rose to 2.5 times higher
than the number of infected persons receiving treatment (UNAIDS, 2008). Rather
than being complacent, this underscores the need for countries to increase
their commitment to prevention efforts. This is necessary if this pandemic must
start reversal in order to meet the 2015 target by the MDGs and to save
humanity from an impending scourge.
The WHO
(2005) observes that young people in Nigeria are highly affected. Indeed, a
third of Nigerians infected are 18-35 years of age. This age group constitutes
all Nigerians who are in secondary school, high school, University, vocational
schools, professional schools and those in active service. Mbanya, Martyn &
Paul (2008) stated the socio-economic
impact of the disease is profound with growing numbers of sections being
affected, and high hospital bed occupancy rampant. They add that this results
in overstretched medical personnel and extra burden to the health and education
sectors where school teachers are reported to be unproductive on several counts
and morbidity increasing from opportunistic infections. This of course, poses a
major challenge to the socio
-economic
development of the country considering the fact that the age group below 18
makes up about 42% of the entire population (Population Reference Bureau,
2009).
Health
Education is not a recent inclusion in the school system. A look through the
curricular development in Nigerian Education reveals the various ways in which
health related issues has been treated. Attempts to introduce population and
family life education into both formal and informal sector of Nigerian
education could be traced back to 1980’s. By 1985, reproductive health
education has been integrated into some school subjects like Biology,
Integrated Science, Physical and Health Education, Home Economics, Religious
and Moral Education at both the Junior Secondary School (JSS) and Senior
Secondary School (SSS) levels. As a result of globalisation many things are
wrong with our social life styles. One of the effects of the bad social life of
our people is the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Despite the various attempt to mould the
life of our people on sexual matters and moderate their behaviour through the
use of condoms in preventing HIV/AIDS, not much success have been attained.
Olusola Adara,”Seminar on HIV/AIDS Curriculum Development” (2003).
Teachers of
Science in secondary schools perceive that introducing HIV/AIDS Education in
school will reduce the epidemic caused by the disease which the study intends
to look at.
1.2
Statement of the Problem
Over the
years, the researcher has noticed with keen interest that there has been an
increase in death of people that are associated with HIV/AIDS issues. Different
people have come up with claims and counter claims about cures to HIV/AIDS.
Scientific studies have proved that no cure has been found for HIV/AIDS. The
dilemma which people have been thrown into due to no solution to the ravaging
HIV/AIDS has led to the view of Science teachers in secondary school that
teaching HIV/AIDS Education in schools can be used to fight war against AIDS.
One school
of thought believed that a separate school subject should be introduced for the
purpose of addressing the problem of HIV/AIDS epidemic. Another school of
thought however argue that the inclusion of HIV/AIDS education will be an
attempt to overload the already overloaded school subjects and over tasking the
teachers.
The problem
of this study is designed to investigate how teachers of Science perceive the
inclusion of HIV/AIDS Education in secondary schools.
1.3 Purpose
of this Study
The purpose
of this study is to investigate how teachers of Science perceived HIV/AIDS
Education inclusion in secondary schools and how the skills attained in schools
can be used to fight the war pose by HIV/AIDS epidemic.
1.4 Research Questions
1. Will gender influence the perception of
science teachers’ on HIV/AIDS education inclusion in secondary schools?
2. Will science teachers’ perception on
HIV/AIDS education inclusion based on their educational qualifications?
3. Will science teachers’ perception on
HIV/AIDS education inclusion in school based on teaching experience?
4. Will science teachers’ perception on
HIV/AIDS education inclusion based on the location of their school?
1.5 Research
Hypotheses
The following
research hypotheses were tested in the research study:
1. Gender will not significantly influence
on the perception of Science teachers on HIV/AIDS education inclusion in
schools.
2.There will
be no significant influence on the perception of Science teachers on HIV/AIDS
education inclusion in schools based on their educational qualification.
3.There will
be no significant influence on the perception of Science teachers on HIV/AIDS
education inclusion in schools based on their teaching experience.
4.There will
be no significant influence on the perception of Science teachers on HIV/AIDS
education inclusion in schools based on the location of their school.
1.6
Significance of the Study
The study
will be of great benefit to teachers, educators, curriculum developers,
authors, parents, students and the general society.
To the
teachers, the findings will show their current view on HIV/AIDS education in
secondary school. The study shall provide correct analysis of teaching which
will help to reshape things for better. It will also provide remedial
strategies in the reconstruction of school curriculum.
The findings
of the study will be of great importance to curriculum designers in planning
for curriculum programme in schools. It will help them to know what to include
in the content of the curriculum so as to help solve the problem of HIV/AIDS
epidemic.
To the
educators, the finding of the will let them see the need to provide necessary
in-service programme such as workshop, seminars etc. for teachers so as to
increase their skills in teaching.
To the
authors, the finding of the study will help to structure their books in such a
way that will simplify the content of the syllabus to the students. By the
results of this study, authors will organise contents of their textbooks in
such a way that students will be able to cope with themes of HIV/AIDS.
The result
of the study will also serve as basis for further research work in the area of
using education to solve the problems of HIV/AIDS.
1.7
Limitation of the Study
The problem
encountered by researcher was lack of co-operation from the respondents and due
to time constrain some of the teachers were persuaded to respond to the
questionnaire which they eventually did.
1.8
Delimitation of the Study
1. The study
was delimited to One- hundred Science teachers in twenty- five secondary
schools in Ijebu Ode Local Government Area in Ogun- State. The schools studied
represent all the Public secondary schools in the Local Government.
2.
Descriptive survey research method.
3. The use
of self- structured questionnaire only as the instrument.
4. The use
of two research assistants
5. Frequency
counts and percentages for demographic data, while inferential statistics of
chi-square for hypothesis testing at 0.05 alpha level.
1.9
Operational Definition of Terms
The
following terms are defined for the purpose of this study:
AIDS:
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Condom: Thin
rubber covering wear on penis to protect sexual disease during intercourse
Defile:
Proof wrong
Deplete: To reduce something by large number
Dilemma: Unpleasant thing or action
Epidemic:
Disease attacking many people at the same time
HIV: Human
Immune Deficiency Syndrome which leads to AIDS
Perception:
To view or feeling about an issue
Precaution:
Something done to prevent future trouble.
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