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THE USE OF
LIBRARY AND STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN UNIVERSITIES
ABSTRACT
This study
examined the use of the library and students’ academic performance at
University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba. Relevant and extensive literatures were
reviewed in sub-titles. The literature surveyed and explored the works of
scholars and researchers that are in line with the topic of this research. The
descriptive research survey was adopted in order to assess the opinions of
respondents, with the application of the research questionnaire which was used
to collect necessary information from the samples and the sampling technique,
which was a tool used in selecting the appropriate samples of this study. A
total of 120 (one hundred and twenty) respondents, made up of 60 males and 60
females were selected from the University of Lagos and Lagos State University
respectively. Also, 4 (four) null hypotheses were generated and tested
accordingly, with the application of Chi-square statistical in testing
hypothesis one, while the independent t-test statistical tool, was used in
testing hypotheses two, three and four respectively, at the alpha level of
0.05. At the end of the data analysis, the results that were obtained showed
that: there is a significant effect of school libraries on students’ academic
achievement in the school, there is a significant influence of counselling on
students’ use of the school libraries, there is a significant difference
between the academic performance of students who used the libraries and those
who did not use the school libraries and there is no significant gender
difference in the academic performance of students due to the use of the school
libraries. Also, it was recommended that school counselors should be up and
doing in tackling the issue of non-use of the school libraries by many students
in the tertiary institutions. This is because, counseling is found to be a tool
for helping students to achieve their set goals in their academics. Counsellors
in the University of Lagos, should ensure that they assist the students who
lack the interest and ability to use the libraries to augment their personal reading/studies
at home or in the hostels. Through counseling, these students would be able to
know the importance of using the libraries to achieve high academic performance
in the school.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1BACKGROUND
TO THE STUDY
Libraries are
collections of books, manuscripts, journals, and other sources of recorded
information. They commonly include reference works, such as encyclopedias that
provide factual information and indexes that help users find information in
other sources; creative works including poetry, novels, short stories, music
scores, and photographs; non-fiction, such as biographies, histories and other
factual reports; and periodical publications, including magazines, scholarly
journals, and books published as part of a series. As home use of records,
CD-ROMs and audiotapes and video tapes have increased, library collections have
begun to include them and other forms of media, too (Mohammed and Makki, 1997).
Onuoah
(2000), states that there is a positive relationship between school libraries
and students’ learning outcomes. According to him, the test scores of students
who used the libraries frequently are higher than those who did not use the
libraries frequently. Most students do not use the libraries these days because
of many factors which include lack of knowledge of the use of the catalogue
which helps the library users to locate or identify the materials needed; lack
of orientations or seminars for students on the use of libraries. Therefore,
Adeoye (1999) in his study on the impact of the school libraries on students’
academic achievement; found that, in most cases, learning achievement is
dependent on the students’ use of the libraries and positive study habits.
Majority of
Nigerian students do not have the habits of regular use of the school
libraries. According to Ayo (1997), the advent of the Information Communication
Technology (ICT), has caused many students to get whatever materials they need
from the internet instead of using the libraries often.
Also, most
of the information materials in most Nigeria school libraries are regarded as
out-dated. So, students prefer to use internet materials which they think are
more current in information outflow than the school libraries. As Adeleke
(2001) puts it, many factors contribute to the low-use of the libraries by many
Nigerian students. The factors are: short supply of experiences library
specialists; lack of funds to provide adequate and up-to-date books,
encydopedia and other materials in the school libraries, none organization of
orientation course for students and so on (Adeleke, 1990). According to
Adeleke, these factors have led to the low standards of education and poor
academic performance of students in Nigeria.
Research
findings carried out by Perkins (2001) and Atkins (2002), consistently showed
that there is a strong relationship between library use and students’ academic
success, at all ages, from the primary school right through the university
level. Students who read a lot, using the libraries, and who understand what
they read, usually attain good grades. According to Ninio (2000), the
relationship between reading and learning begins even earlier in the
pre-primary school years, children who are exposed to story book reading before
they go to school, tend to have larger vocabularies, greater general knowledge
and better conceptual development than their peers who do not read. In
addition, they learn to read and write more easily and quickly than their
counterparts who do not read often.
Reading
habit is formed right from childhood (Mbise, 1995). Therefore, students, who do
not form the habit of reading, would not read in the school libraries, even if
they are forced to go there and read, hence the low performance of students who
do not use the libraries regularly. Smith (2001), carried out a study, in which
the academic achievement of students who frequently use the libraries is
compared with those who do not use the libraries. According to the outcome, the
students who frequently read in the libraries and carry out researches,
performed better than those who do not or who use the libraries sparingly.
Hunter (1999), opines that adequate and frequent use of the libraries has
yielded a high academic success amongst students. For instance, in the school
libraries, students discover more recent information and gain a lot of
knowledge through current and good materials that they find in the libraries.
According to
Anyadike (2000), in a related study on the relationship between the use of
library facilities and students’ academic performance, found out that students
perform better when they frequently use the school libraries than when they do
not. With these finding, Anyadike recommended that students should constantly
use the library facilities in order to maximize high academic achievement or
excellence in their academic endeavours.
The studies
of library system in the United States by (Allport, 2000), Alban and Lance
(2005), revealed that professionally trained school library media specialists
have positive effect on students’ academic performance; and that library media
specialists need teachers’ and principals’ support in order to be most
effective; and that support staff is essential if library media specialists are
to fully affect students’ academic achievement in at school. Other findings
showed that library media specialists serve as both teachers and students, and
in-service providers for teachers and effective library specialists play a key
role in expanding access to information technology beyond the library and in
the classroom (Lance, 2002).
The
functions of the schools counselors are paramount, if the use of the libraries
should have any significant effects of their academic performance in schools.
For instance, the school counselors are regarded as experts who are deep rooted
in changing the negative characters or attitudes of individuals or group of
individuals and lead them to the correct ways of behaviours for positive
results through the application of guidance and counselling technique. In this
regard the school counselors play the role of advising and instructing the
students on the proper ways of effective initialization of the library
materials for high academic achievement in the school (Anyanwu, 2004).
Furthermore,
counselors need to organize orientation courses, seminars and workshops in
order to properly apply their counselling strategies in changing the negative
attitude of students toward the use of the libraries in our tertiary
institutions.
1.2STATEMENT
OF THE PROBLEM
The use or
non-use of the school libraries by students is a factor affecting the
educational attainment of students. For instance, the library is meant to help
students maximize their academic performance so that they would be successful
individuals in the society. Unfortunately, most students do not see the need to
sit down in the library to read or to carry out research that would be
beneficial to their academic career. This is because, most students do not know
how to make use of the library materials or how to locate or identify the kind
of books they want to read, while many more hate sitting down for hours reading
or studying in the library; yet others prefer ‘jisting’ away their times
outside the libraries than keeping quiet and studying in the library.
These
perceived factors, are responsible for the negative or poor academic
performance and general low educational standards and the attendant massive and
persistent examination malpractices in Nigerian schools these day (Anyanwu,
2003). The poorly or inadequate or non-use of the libraries and their
facilities by most students is also, part of the problem of mass failure of
students in both internal and external organized examinations in the country.
Also,
another important factor in the none or inadequate use of the libraries by many
students is caused by the negative treatment they receive from most library
staff who are seemingly untrained, and therefore lack the knowledge and
experience in library attendance and the use of it. These inadequacies on the
part of the library attendants or staff, often translate in the students’
phobia in even entering the library not to talk of sitting and reading in it.
This study
is therefore, set to examine the effects of school libraries on the academic
performance of students and its implication for counselling.
Most
tertiary institutions, especially, the University of Lagos, do not have library
counselors who know how to help students and library staff develop positive
attitudes towards the use of the libraries and its attendant benefits. Due to
the non-employment of the school library counselors, students who have negative
attitude towards the use of the libraries, are not helped out 0f their academic
predicaments, and this has continuously affected the academic achievement of
many students at University of Lagos and other Universities in Nigeria.
1.3PURPOSE
OF THE STUDY
The
following were the specific objectives of the study:
a. To find out whether counselling
influences students’ use of libraries.
b. To find out whether the use of the
library(ies) affects the students’ academic performance of students’ who use
the libraries and those who do not.
c. To assess whether there is any
difference between the academic performance of students’ who use the libraries
and those who do not.
d. To investigate whether there is gender
difference in the academic performance of students due to the use of libraries.
1.4RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
The
following research questions were raised in this study:
a. Will the use of libraries affect the
academic performance of students?
b. To what extent will counselling affect
the students’ use of the libraries?
c. Is there any difference in the academic
performance of students who use the library and those who do not?
d. Will there be any gender difference in
the academic performance of students due to the use of library(ies)?
1.5HYPOTHESES
OF THE STUDY
The
following research hypotheses were tested in the study:
a. There will be no significant effect of
school libraries on students’ academic achievement.
b. There will be no significance influence
of counselling on students’ use of the libraries.
c. There will be no significant difference
between academic performance of students’ who used the libraries and those who
did not.
d. There will be no significant gender
difference in the academic performance of students’ due to the use of the
libraries.
1.6SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
The
following individuals would benefit from this study:
Students:
One of the major significance of the study is to bring to light the importance
of school libraries in enhancing students’ academic performance thus achieving
high academic success in their educational career. This is because, if students
generally imbibe the culture of reading and making use of the library
facilities in the school, their academic achievement would be improved and the
seemingly low academic standards in the school system will be remedied. The
findings and recommendations of this Study would help students to be
enlightened on the issue of using the library facilities in order to maximize
their academic success in their academic pursuit in the schools
Teachers:
Not only the students will be benefiting from the recommendations and finding
of this study, teachers would also find this study very informative, as they
would be better informed and exposed to the issue of students’ use and or
non-use of the libraries as determinants of their academic performance in the
school. This study will help teacher greatly because, if students, through this
study, learn how to make proper use of the libraries and the maximization of
their educational standards are assured, teachers’ work will be easier and the
glory will also go to them.
Parents:
Parents would benefit from the study because they would be able to understand
the benefits inherent in the use of the libraries and the consequence in the
none or inadequate use of it by their children in the school. This study will
be educative and informative to the parents because the knowledge they would
gain from this study will assist them to measure their children’s performance
in line with use of the libraries.
The Public:
Also, this study will be beneficial to the general public, who would be
generally informed on the attitudes of students towards the use the libraries
in the schools. This study will also serve as a reference material to both new
and old researchers and scholars on the issue of libraries. Library staff, the
school library attendants would benefit from the finding and recommendations of
this study, because, it will help them to carry out their duties effectively in
a way that students will be encouraged and drawn to the libraries more
frequently.
The Library
Attendants: With the study and its recommendations, the library attendants
would be able to get necessary information that would assist them in changing
some of their negative attitudes and unfriendly dispositions that do not give
students the zeal to come to the library to read or study. The recommendations
of study will urge the library authorities to put in place a training and
development programme that would help the library attendants to sit up and do
their work diligently, for the benefit of the library users, especially, the
students.
The School
Authorities: The content, the finding and the recommendations of this study
would be very expository and important to the school management, especially at
the University of Lagos. This is because, the recommendations of this study if
heeded and implemented by the managers of the institution, most especially, the
school authorities at the Faculty of Education, it will go a long way in
helping the authorities to look into the issue of low use of the library
facilities by the students and its attendant negative effects on the general
standards of University of Education and more importantly, on students’
academic achievement. Will be able to device means of organizing orientation courses,
seminars and workshops on the essence of using the libraries and the
improvement students’ academic performance in school.
1.7SCOPE OF
THE STUDY
The study
attempts to examine the effects of school libraries on students’ academic
performance and the implication for counselling. The study will involve the
undergraduate students at the Faulty of Education of the University of Lagos,
Akoka, Yaba Lagos. It will cover the students at 300 and 400 levels in the
faculty.
1.8THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
Several
recent trends suggest that a review of the literature on the impact of school
libraries on student achievement in a Nigeria context is urgently needed. The
context in which school librarians and teacher librarians operate today has
changed significantly over the past couple of decades, with consequent
implications for student learning. In particular, there has been an apparent
decline in the numbers of qualified teacher librarians employed in school
libraries in public schools in Nigeria; an explosion in information production
and the development of Information Communication Technologies (ICTs); changes
in educational philosophy and practice, including a greater focus on learning
outcomes, inquiry- based learning, evidence-based practice and school accountability;
and changes in the nature and role of the teacher librarian as a result of
these developments (Alozie, 1990).
Although a
substantial body of research since 1990 shows a positive relationship between
school libraries and student achievement, many of these studies are based on
oversea data practitioners. In Nigeria, a strong case for recognizing the
positive impact of school libraries on students learning. However, it is
important to know how applicable the existing research is to Nigeria context and
what kind of additional research might be needed to demonstrate the positive
relationship between school libraries and student achievement (Munde, 2000).
The review
focuses on studies conducted since 1990, which show that school libraries can
have a positive impact on student achievement whether such achievement is
measured in terms of reading scores, literacy or learning more generally in the
following key ways:
· A strong library programme that
is adequately staffed, resourced and funded can lead to higher student
achievement regardless of the socioeconomic or educational levels of the adults
in the community.
· A strong computer network
connecting the library’s resources to the classroom and laboratories has an
impact on student achievement.
· The quality of the collections
has an impact on student learning.
· Collaborative relationships
between classroom teachers and school librarians have a significant impact on
learning, particularly in relation to the planning of instructional units,
resource collection development, and the provision of professional development
for teachers.
· A print-rich environment leads to
more reading, and free voluntary reading is the best predictor of
comprehension, vocabulary growth, spelling and grammatical ability, and writing
style.
· Integrating information literacy
into the curriculum can improve students’ mastery of both content and
information seeking skills, and that
· Libraries can make a positive
difference to students’ self-esteem, confidence, independence and sense of
responsibility in regard to their own learning.
Ayo (2002)
theorized that, literature search has also revealed several gaps in the
research. A lack of systematically aggregated national data makes it difficult
to gain an accurate picture of national trends in Australia in relation to the
staffing of school libraries. Much of the research that has been done so far
has focused on the primary, rather than the secondary school setting, and yet
there is some evidence to suggest that the impact of the school library
diminishes as students move through high school. It would be useful to
investigate student usage patterns in relation to school libraries in Nigeria.
Knowing why students come to the library for example, to what extent they are
motivated by a need to uses information for a project, a desire for leisure
reading material, a desire to use computer games or gain access to the
internet, a desire to gain work related skills by assisting staff, a need for a
sanctuary from the rigors of the schoolyard could help school library staff to
cater better for student needs and, as existing research suggests, potentially
make a difference in terms of information skills acquisition, reading literacy
skills computer literacy or improved self-esteem.
In terms of
professional expertise, more research is needed to determine the extent to
which the success of a school library program is due to the librarian’s
personal attributes or training and experience. Also missing from the research
is evidence about the relative roles of teachers and school librarians and
their effectiveness in providing information literacy.
A
significant gap in the research is the lack of specific evidence linking the
role of school librarians to student acquisition of information literacy
skills. A substantial body of literature urges the importance of the librarian’s
role in this regard, which offers information skills models and instructional
strategies for the development of information literacy skills, and provides
information literacy standards. More evidence is needed to determine precisely
how the school librarian contributes to the information skills acquisition of
students and the relationship between information literacy and learning.
1.9DEFINITION
OF TERMS
Operational
terms and ambiguous words were accordingly defined in this study in the
following dimensions:
1. School Library:School library is
room or building for a collection of books kept there for reading;. It is also
writing and reading room in an institution or school.
2. Academic Performance: This is the
overall outcome of learning activities of students over a period of learning in
a formal school environment.
3. Counsellor: This is a professional
adviser; an expert in solving people problems through counselling techniques.
4. Manuscripts: this refers to book and
so on, as first written out or typed.
5. Journals: This means daily
newspaper; other periodicals. It also means daily record of news, events,
business accounts e.t.c.
6. Biography: This means person’s
life-history written by another person; it is also a branch of literature
dealing with the lives of persons.
7. Librarian: A worker or personnel
that stay in the library room to lend books and other library materials to
individuals for reading and writing. A librarian is a staff employed by the
school authorities to oversee activities in the library.
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