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AN EVALUATION OF THE OKOWA’S
URBAN BIAS THESIS IN IHIALA L.G.A OF ANAMBRA STATE
ABSTRACT
This research work
focuses on the evaluation of the Okowa’s urban bias thesis in Ihiala local
Government Area of Anambra State. The objective that guided this research work
was to review the Okowa’s urban bias thesis and then determine how public
policy implementation affects in Ihiala Local Government Area. Based on the
above objectives, a hypothesis was formulated and we used questionnaires to
collect the data from primary source. These sets of questionnaires were drawn
from three categories of respondents-farmers, students, traders, civil
servants, are classified by three selected sectors namely, Agriculture,
education and health, as regards the composite six towns in Ihiala. The
Chi-square was used in testing the hypothesis, while frequency tables and simple
percentages were used in the data analysis and presentations. However, we found
that public sector expenditure, particularly on Agriculture, education and
health is highly urban biased in Ihiala. This finding conforms with the Okowa’s
thesis on urban bias in Nigeria Development, which therefore suggests the
inequitable distribution of potential development programmes in both the urban
and rural sectors in Nigeria. The government should adopt some of the potential
development policies and programmes to be effective in reaching out to the
rural towns and communities. Human resources development should be equitably
extended to both the rural and urban sector.
TABLE
OF CONTENT
COVER
PAGE
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgment iv
Abstract v
Table of content vi
CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
of the study 1
1.2 Statement
of problem 3
1.3 Objective
of the study 4
1.4 Research
questions 4
1.5 Research
hypothesis 4
1.6 Significance
of the study 5
1.7 Scope
and limitation of the study 5
1.8 Organization
of the study 6
CHAPTER
TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAME-WORK
Literature Review 7
2. Theoretical
framework 16
2.1 Harris
and Todaro model 17
2.2 Jorgenson’s
Neo-Classical Theory 18
2.3 Fei-Rains
theory 19
2.2.4 Lewis theory of development 20
2.2.5 Development and urban bias in Ihiala
22
2.2.6 The Keynesian economic theory 23
CHAPTER
THREE: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research
design 24
3.2 Population
of the study 24
3.3 Sampling
technique 24
3.4 Sample
size determination 25
3.5 Data
collection instruments and procedure 26
3.6 Method
of data analysis 27
CHAPTER
FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction 29
4.2 Allocation
of questionnaires and rate of returns
29
4.3 Analysis
of respondents 30
4.4 Analysis
of relevant questions 31
4.5 Test of
hypothesis 32
4.6 Discussion
of results 35
CHAPTER
FIVE: SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Summary 37
5.2 Recommendations 38
5.3 Conclusion 39
Appendices
41
References 44
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Urban bias may be
referred to a situation of the development process, whereby the urban sector
benefits relatively more in the rural-urban distribution of public sector
expenditure in an economy, during a particular period of time. Thus, the
provision of social and physical infrastructure through public investment and
expenditure on some goods and services can directly improve productivity and
development in both the urban and rural sector through a more efficient and
equitable allocation of resources.
However, a developing region maybe
classified into two; urban sector and the rural sector. The urban sector is the
region that is defined by town or cities; it is classified as the industrial or
modern areas, whereas, the rural sector is an area that is defined by
communities, it is largely dominated by traditional agricultural activities.
Some developmental economists of the structuralist school posit that some categories
of government expenditure on the urban sector are necessary to overcome
constraints of economic growth.
Hence, the responsibility of the
government in any economic system irrespective of the political arrangement is
to initiate policies towards the achieving of four basic micro-economic goals
which are price stability, the government regulates the distribution of public
goods and services in stimulating the productive capacity of the economy.
Over the years, Nigeria has made
conscious and determined effort to attain a high level of social and economic
transformation of the economy. So far, the Nigeria economy has had four (4)
national development plans in which varying emphasis were made on the
achievement of the development goals and objectives, several policy tools were
adopted including monetary policy, fiscal policy, exchange control measures,
changed from time to time to reflect the changing economic environment and
circumstances.
Okowa’s (1991) urban bias thesis stated
that a Development policy should include;
i. Enhanced economic growth
ii. Reduction over time of economic dependency
iii. Reduction over time of economic inequality
iv. Reduction over time of unemployment
v. Maintenance of stable price (inflation)
We can therefore identify urban bias
with respect of any one of the mentioned development aim. If economic growth
could have been enhanced by a distribution of public sector resources that
allocated more to the urban sector than to the rural sector, then we say that
the given rural-urban perspective is such as to generate greater rural-urban
economic dependence than would have been the case. Thus, inequality bias is a
situation whereby distribution of income has a relative greater benefit in the
sector, in this light, the ratio of unemployment and inflation between the
rural and urban sector is used as a measure for inequality bias.
In this line, many development
scientists have stated that the rationale for balanced and equitable
development to take place in any economy, certain efforts should be made to
develop the rural and urban sector simultaneously. In this thesis, Professor
Okowa (1991) held the view that development effort in Nigeria has been urban
biased, although severe measures have been taken by the Nigeria government to
develop the rural areas.
However, our concern in this study is to
evaluate the Okowa’s urban bias thesis in Ihiala local government area of
Anambra State this study cannot cover the entire country, the researcher
focuses on his local government area of origin.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Prof Okowa’s thesis
was published in 1991, about 18 years now and on other research to the best of
my knowledge has been carried out to affirm or dispute his urban bias thesis.
There is urgent need to do this, in order to see if there are policy changes to
develop the rural areas. Again, we also need to study the rural areas to find
out empirically, how the policy changes (if there is) have affected the rural
areas. We do not have ready evident to show that such research are carried out
especially in the researcher’s Local Government Area-Ihiala Local Government
Area of Anambra State.
This research is intended to bridge this
observed gap. As at when this research was carried out this findings could be
said to be correct in many respects. Therefore, it is in the light of the above
that this research is undertaken to evaluate the Okowa’s urban bias thesis in
Ihiala Local Government Area of Anambra State.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The activities of this research project
include:
i. To review the Okowa’s urban bias Thesis
and the various development
theories.
ii. To determine whether government policies
are urban bias
iii. To find out how the policies are implemented
in Ihiala Local Government Area.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Some of the questions
the study will attempt to proffer answers to include the following;
a. What are the urban development strategies
employed by the government in developing
Ihiala Local Government Area?
b. To what extent are these government
strategies employed to cause urban bias?
c. How do these government expenditure
strategies compared in there
relative effectiveness in the rural and urban sector?
d. Does public sector expenditure in the rural
and urban areas complement each other synergistically?
e. What are the implications of urban bias?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
The hypothesis have
been put forward for testing
H0: Public sector expenditure in Ihiala Local
Government Area is not urban bias
H1: Public sector expenditure in Ihiala Local
Government Area is urban bias.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of
this study lies on the fact that our rural communities to a large extent need
to be developed. It is our belief that this study will serve as an important
reference to local government for future development of rural area, based on
suggestions advanced therein. It will also serve as a reference point to others
who find time of reason alongside with us on the issue of the rural development
in Nigeria.
Based on the findings of the research
project, the government will be in a better position of either adding or
dropping some public sector expenditure programmes in the rural or urban sector
in Nigeria.
1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of this study on the evaluation
of the Okowa’s urban bias thesis focuses in the Ihiala Local Government Area of
Anambra State in Nigeria.
Ihiala Local Government Area is made up
of about six (6) towns (Uburu, Mbosi, Iseke, Azia, Orsumaonyu and Lilu) with
various villages. The researcher may not go beyond the above scope.
However, there are two limiting factors
that affected the researcher’s progress in this work. One is that of inadequate
funds to carryout an elaborate research that concern Anambra State in Rivers
State. Whereas, the second factor is that of time constraint, hence, the
researcher was working within a time frame despite the prolonged academic staff
union of universities strike action.
1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
This study is
organized into five interrelated chapters.
Chapter one
introduces the background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives,
research questions, hypothesis, significance, scope, limitations and the
organization of the study. Chapter two reviews related literature and theoretical
frame of the study.
The three is the research design and
method of the study. Chapter four presents and analyzes the data. Finally,
chapter five summarizes, recommends and concludes the study.
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