ATTENTION:
BEFORE YOU READ THE
PROJECT WORK, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW. THANK YOU!
TO GET THE FULL
PROJECT FOR THE TOPIC BELOW PLEASE CALL:
08068231953,
08168759420
TO GET MORE PROJECT
TOPICS IN YOUR DEPARTMENT, PLEASE VISIT:
ARM BLOOD FLOW AND ANTI-DIABETIC DRUGS IN MAN
ABSTRACT
Total arm
blood flow measured by venous occlusion plethysmorgraphy average
4.37ml/100ml/minute. The arm blood flow was measured on 33 normal healthy
subjects between 13 and 38 years old at room temperature, and one (1) diabetic
aged 59 years, who had been on treatment with chlorpropamide (Diabetes). For
the purpose of this experiment, the subject had gone off drugs and was
uncontrolled with urine test using clinistix as +++ (> 300mg %) on that day.
Comparison of the relative values of arm blood flow with certain parameters
showed that arm blood flow increased with increase in age, weight and height in
young adults but there was a decline in old age, overweight and very tall
subjects. It was noticed that arm blood flow was influenced by changes in room
or ambient temperature. It was also noticed that in the same diabetic subject,
left arm blood flow was different from that of the right arm. Although
variation in arm blood flow was not sex dependent, there was higher variation
in men than in women. Arm blood flow was definitely higher in a pregnant
subject than non-pregnant women. Diabetes mellitus is known to result in
cardiovascular complications as well as complications in other systems such as
the neuromuscular system. Anti-diabetic drugs such as chlorpropamide exert
vasoconstrictor effect in man and could reduce arm blood flow; insulin infusion
increased hand blood flow but tolbutamide resulted in capillary bleeding and
consequently would affect arm blood flow.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Dedication ii
Acknowledgment iii
Abstract iv
Table of
Contents v
CHAPTER ON: INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE: METHODS
3.1 Block Diagram of Apparatus
3.2 Plethysmographic Recording of a Subject EA.
3.3 Calculation of Arm Blood Flow (Illustration)
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS
4.1 Average and Range of Arm Blood Flow among
Males and Females
4.2 Relationship of Arm Blood Flow in Male and
Female
4.3 Relationship of Arm Blood Flow with Age
4.4 Histogram Showing the Relationship of Arm
Blood Flow with Age
4.5 Graph of Arm Blood Flow versus Age
4.6 Relationship of Arm Blood Flow and Body
Weight
4.7 Relationship of Arm Blood Flow and Height
4.8 Effect of Room or Ambient Temperature on Arm
Blood Flow
4.9 Difference between Right and Left Arm Blood
Flow
CHAPTER FIVER: DISCUSSION
CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION
CHAPTER SEVEN: APPENDIX
7.1 Appendix 1: Plethysmographic Recordings
7.2 Appendix 11: Tables
CHAPTER EIGHT: REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Although
numerous studies have been carried out on arm blood flow or control of
diabetes, little work if any, has been done in Africa or Nigeria on arm blood
flow and anti-diabetic drugs in man.
The
flow of blood in extremities at rest is only partly to satisfy the oxygen
requirements of tissues but the greatest role is in thermoregulation. Arm blood
flow mainly represents muscle and skin flow and it is known that changes in
environmental temperature and the nature of the vessels, posture, heat, cold,
cardiovascular diseases and other complications of diabetes are associated with
alterations in the quantity of blood brought to the skin areas of the
extremities.
Pancreatic
diabetes mellitus is common in Tropical Africa as well as in Nigeria and the
patients exhibit unpredictable sensitivity to insulin therapy (Keller, P. et al
1965, Bank S. 1966; Adadevoh, 1970; Osuntokun, B.O. et al 1971).
In
vitro work has shown that sulphonylureas such as acetohexcmide, chlorpropamide,
tolazamide and tolbutamide have adverse inotropic effects on heart muscle and
increase the automaticity of Purkinje fibres causing ischaemic myocardial
damage and arrhythmias.
In
early phase of diabetes or after it has existed for several years, structural
and biochemical alterations are observed in the body involving chiefly the
vascular system and frequently, abnormalities occur in the heart, aorta,
arteries, arterioles, capillaries and venules. Most common changes consist of
thickening of vessels walls with reduction in size of the lumen of the vessel
due to an increase in lipid and polysachacharide deposits.
Ostrander,
L.D. Jr. (1965) in a systematic study in a small community, found a higher
prevalence of vascular disease in diabetics than non-diabetics of similar age
and sex, and blood glucose level was significantly greater in the diabetics.
Among
2634 deaths in diabetics at Joslin Clinic in the United States during 1960 to
1964, 77.9% were cardiovascular renal with 53.3% attributed to coronary
disease. (partaman, J.O. 1965). Also among Juvenile diabetics studied over 20
years, 92% was incidence of vascular disease, 75% had disease women of the
heart and/or peripheral vascular system. (White, P. 1960). Cardiovascular
disease is as common in diabetic women as in men but in non-diabetics, it is
much more common in men particularly below 50 years of age.
Diabetes
mellitus is known to result in cardiovascular complications, as well as
complications in other systems, such as the neuromuscular system. The
established cardiovascular complications of diabetes mellitus in brief are:
arteriosclerosis, atheriosclerosis, cataracts, rubeosis, blindness, “diabetic
feet”, gangrene, poor wound healing, blisters, ulcers, carbuncles, furuncles,
sepsis, cellulites glomerulosclerosis (Kimmestiel-Wilson diease),
Armani-Ebstein lesion (acute tubular neurosis), papillary necrosis, pyelonephritis,
toxemia of pregnancy, myocardial infarction or stroke, cerebral thrombosis,
peripheral neuropathy (pin and cotton wool test), auromomic neuropathy
(decrease in the gastrointestinal tract and bladder functions)and diabetic
pseudo tabes (height stepping gait) An American study has reported an increased
risk of death from cardiovascular disease in diabetes treated with oral
hypoglycaemic drugs compared with those treated by diet or insulin.
The
problems posed by the present investigation will be studies in two parts:
i.
Measurement of
arm blood flow of normal healthy subjects and to find the correlation between
age, sex, height and weight if any and to make possible deductions
ii.
Effect of
anti-diabetic drugs on arm blood flow in man.
AFFILIATE LINKS:
Comments
Post a Comment