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NIGERIA’S AFRICAN POLICY UNDER PRESIDENT SHAGARI
ABSTRACT
This
project is an attempt to contribute to the debate on the problems of president
Shagari’s African policy during the last four years, October 1st
1979 to September 30th 1983. His African policy has been described
in various circles as not dynamic and does not reflect that commitment like the
military regime from which he took over. In rejecting this view I have in my
analysis shown that indeed there has been continuity in Shagari’s African
policy with that of the previous regimes since independence. This was shown
through an analysis of the objectives pursued by the various regimes and the
means available at their disposal in getting at the set goals. From my analysis
it was shown that the non-assertive style of Shagari’s foreign policy was
mainly due to the nature of the economy. Interestingly, the study showed that
the nature of the economy of any particular country has tremendous impact on
that country’s foreign policy style and those changes in style and militancy
should not be confused with actual foreign policy content.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title
Page - - - - - - - - - - i
Certification - - - - - - - - - ii
Dedication - - - - - - - - - iii
Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - iv
Abstract - - - - - - - - - - vi
Table
of Contents - - - - - - - - vii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1
Statement of the Problem
1.2
Aim of the Study
1.3
Scope of the Study and Methodology
CHAPTER
TWO: NIGERIA’S AFRICAN POLICY BEFORE PRESIDENT
SHAGARI
CHAPTER THREE: SHAGARI’S AFRICAN POLICY TOWARDS HER IMMEDIATE
NEIGHBOURS
3.1 Nigeria and Cameroon Boundary Dispute
3.2 Shagari’s Mediatory Role in the Chadian
Crises
3.3 Shagari’s African Policy towards ECOWAS
CHAPTER FOUR: SHAGARI’S AFRICAN POLICY TOWARDS THE REST OF
AFRICA
4.1 Policy towards Western Sahara
4.2 Policy towards Namibia
4.3 Policy towards the Horn of Africa
4.4 Policy towards Apartheid and Racism in South
Africa
4.5 Policy towards the Organization of African
Unity.
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
Bibliography
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
During the election campaign in 1979,
the National Party of Nigeria (NPN) Presidential candidate promised to continue
the foreign policy of his predecessor. In October, 1983 President Shagari again
re – echoed this commitment. He emphasized:
“Our
special commitment to Africa policy will continue. The struggle for the
achievement of freedom for all the oppressed people of Africa will continue to
attract our sympathy and support. No sacrifice the achievement of a real
freedom and democracy in Africa” 1
But
if one looks back to his tenure of office in the last four years, one finds
that his foreign policy achievements have been superficial. Shagari’s four
years administration had left us worse off in foreign policy when compared with
the last regime from which he took over.
During his four years tenure of office
President Shagari had always reiterated his commitment to the freedom of
oppressed people of Africa and the world. The areas of attention being the hot
spots of Africa, for instance,
1.
West Africa, 10th October
1983, p. 2350
the
Horn of Africa, Western-Sahara, Namibia, Chad and the existence of colonialism
and white supremacist regimes in Africa.
But his foreign policy achievement is
nothing to write home about. During the military era this country was
instrumental to the speedy independence of Angola. There was greater coherence
in foreign policy making in the country and above all we were consulted on
major decisions that affected the African continent. Now what do we see? In the
Horn of African president warfare has flooded the area with refugees. The
all-embracing problem is that our foreign policy achievement during the
military era is shipping away and should be restored.
1.2 AIM OF THE STUDY
The aim of the study is to look into
what had been responsible for the difference between what President Shagari
says he will do in terms of the foreign policy he inherited from his
predecessor. They involves investigating and explaining the process by which
the national and internal factors that impinge on those processes and also the
institutional framework from which they emerged.
Only a thorough examination of the
processes and means will enable us know what has been responsible for the
difference between what President Shagari proclaimed he would do and what he
has actually done in terms of the African policy to which he pledged to be
committed.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY AND
METHODOLOGY
This study is not a total review of
Nigeria’s foreign policy since independence, but an analysis of Nigeria’s
African policy in the years 1979 – 1983. In attempting to investigate the
problem, we have limited our scope of inquiry to cover Nigeria’s African policy
under President Shagari in the year 1979 to 1983. As a result, emphasis is on
examination of the role Nigeria had played under Shagari in achieving her
national objectives. These objectives include among other things the defense of
her sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity, creation of necessary
political and economic conditions in Africa, promotion of equality and
self-reliance in Africa and promotion of justice and respect for human dignity
in Africa, especially the dignity of the blackman. Such areas as Chad,
Cameroon, the Horn of Africa, Western Sahara, recent events that had taken
place in the organization of African Unity, the West African sub-region the
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Namibia and Apatheid in southern
Africa will be our main areas of concern for analysis.
Since our level of analysis is the
national state, we are interested in the activities of the people who belong to
the Nigerian nation, particularly those who speak authoritatively for the Nigerian
state. This is in conformity with the definition of foreign policy as:
“Action or ideas designed by policy makers to
solve a problem or promote some change in the environment that is in the
policies attitudes or actions of another state or states” 2
We are interested in the objectives and
interests that the Shagari administration sought to promote or safeguard the
methods and means which the objectives were pursued and the resources brought
to bear. We will be interested in the general and specific determinants of
foreign policy objectives and interest among them, the economy and its import
and export bases, the internal political pressures and the nature and the
ideology of the governing elites. For the Shagari Administration, the existence
of colonialism and white supremacist regimes in Southern Africa was a major
factor in foreign policy orientation.
2.
Holsti, IK.J. International Policies
(2nd ed.) Englewood Cliff N.J. Prentice Hall, 1972, p. 18.
And
activities and we will be interested in this factor as well. The historical
dynamic approach is employed here because we believe that the decisions taken
by the previous administration logically led to the actions taken by the
Shagari administration.
Information for the project has been
sought in secondary sources. We utilized mostly information got from newspaper,
write ups, seminar papers, journal bulletins on International Affairs, African
Diary and library research.
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