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UNDERGRADUATE AND GRADUATES PERCEPTIONS OF FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR YOUTHS UNEMPLOYMENT
Abstract
This study
examined undergraduate and graduates perceptions of factors responsible for
youths unemployment in Lagos State. The study was carried out among graduates
in national directorate of employment and undergraduate students of the
University of Lagos, Akoka. A sample size of 150 respondents were selected for
the study. Structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The collected
questionnaires were analyzed using frequency counts. and percentages. The
research questions were answered using mean (x) scores and weighted mean. The
study revealed that entrepreneurial education in the institution was an
important tool for employment creation, also inadequate indigenous companies
causes unemployment in Nigeria. Again, there are several challenges facing
Nigerian graduates in their quest at becoming entrepreneurs. Such challenges
are: lack of enabling environment and good governance. Base on the findings, it
was recommended that Federal Government should increase its financial
participation that will attract loans for the entrepreneurs and that
universities must design specific and practical entrepreneurial short courses,
which could run for four to six months to create awareness about job creation.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1Background
to the Study
In Nigeria,
unemployment of graduates has become a teething problem .The scourge which has
often caused problems for government in industrialized nations elsewhere is now
assuming gigantic dimension in Nigeria. Graduate unemployment in our country is
cumulative. It increases as institutions turn out graduates annually. The rate
at which young people are leaving school and seeking employment continuously
outpaces the capacity of the economy to provide employment. The value system of
the Nigerian society has changed due to the transition from school to work to
earn a living. This is because Nigeria that once harbored aliens from west
African countries and beyond for employment is currently recording high rate of
unemployment (Anyaogu, 2009). The scourge of graduate unemployment in Nigeria
is blamed on the university curriculum which has been geared towards
stereotyped goals and jobs without adequate practical work. In other words,
graduates from our universities acquire knowledge without entrepreneurial skills
which would enable them, on graduation to practice what was learnt in school,
create jobs for themselves and others and participate in economic development
in Nigeria.
However,
Awogbenle and Iwuamadi (2010) observed from the excerpts of statistics obtained
from the National Manpower Board and Federal Bureau of Statistics showed that
Nigeria has a youth population of eighty (80) million representing 60 percent
of the total population of the country. Sixty four (64) million of them are
unemployed while one million six hundred thousand (1.6 million) are
underemployed.
In order to
make university education functional, relevant and practical, the Federal
Government of Nigeria, through the National Universities Commission (NUC) made
entrepreneurship education a compulsory course for all undergraduate students
in Nigerian universities. .The aim of the policy is to ginger in the students
entrepreneurial spirit that will help to curb the increasing rate of graduate
unemployment. Tulgan (1999) states that the primary purpose of entrepreneurial
education is to develop in the learners entrepreneurial capacities and
mindsets. This will help graduates to recognize business opportunities,
mobilize resources and exploit the opportunity for self- employment which will
be beneficial for community and national development (Uche et al., 2009).
Mathabathe
(2006) notes that one of the causes of graduate unemployment is the shortfall
or mismatch between the skills students develop during their courses and the
skills that employers need. Graduates should not only acquire skills, but such
skills should also be relevant to changing labour market needs. Grisel and
Parker (2009) assert that in South Africa, there is a common misunderstanding
between higher education and the work place about the role of each other.
Employers complain about the quality of university graduates. Higher education
however feels that employers are not fully appreciative of the qualities and
skills graduate possess.
According to
Hancock et al. (2009), the skills learned by students during their academic
career can be placed into the two broad skill categories: (1) Technical and (2)
Non-technical. Technical skills refer to subject-specific or content specific
knowledge and competence that are relevant to a particular discipline.
Non-technical skills are those skills which are relevant across many different
jobs or professions. Non-technical skills are typically not job specific. They
are generic to a range of different work contexts. Jackson and Chapman (2012) point
out that today’s employers often require new graduates to add immediate value.
Thus, undergraduates must develop both technical and non-technical skills to
achieve this goal. The development of only technical skills is no longer
considered sufficient for graduates. Du Pre and Williams (2011) concur that the
most effective way for graduates to stand out among the crowd is to prove that
they possess outstanding credentials in a number of non-industry specific
desired skill areas.
Schultz
(2008) and Wilson et al. (2012) agree that to be successful in the tough
environment, candidates for jobs must distinguish themselves from other
candidates with similar qualifications. It is no longer sufficient for new
graduates to have knowledge of an academic subject. Jarvis (2000) argues that
universities must prepare and equip graduates with entry-level knowledge and
skills for the labour market. In addition, universities must equip graduates
with the ability to play a leadership role as a custodian of knowledge.
The
development of youths who are the potentia1leaders of any given country the
world over, ought to top the goals of any nation. It is simply because the
youths constitute a formidable force and if their energies are properly
channeled, there will be immense growth and development. However, when such
energies are dissipated on activities that are detrimental to national
development, such a country will definitely experience myriads of problems.
There is
general agreement that attitudes towards the entrepreneur, entrepreneurial
activity, and its social function are determinant factors for university
students to decide an entrepreneurial career. Considering the empirical
studies, results reveal a negative entrepreneur’s image of younger generation.
Many studies have an unfavourable perception of desirability of new venture
creation and only a small percentage has the firm intention to create a new
company.
Currently,
entrepreneurship education is being offered in all universities and other
higher institutions. The introduction of entrepreneurship education into the
university curriculum is an empowerment strategy for graduate self-employment,
self-reliance and poverty reduction. Where appropriate skills, attitude and
knowledge accompanied with appropriate practical work are taught to the
students, they would on graduation become self- employed and employers of
labor. This will reduce the rate of unemployment if not completely eradicated
and move Nigeria from a consumer to producer nation (Okah and Odelola, 2009).
It is on this premise that the researcher is motivated to find out
undergraduate students perception of factors responsible for unemployment in
Lagos State.
1.2Statement
of the Problem
The issue of
unemployment among the populace particularly in the context of the youths is a
big problem in Nigeria and in deep other developing nations of the world. The
resultants effects of the problem is the youth restlessness, crime, and others
social vices in the society. It is against this foregoing that this study
examines reasons for this unemployment is the Nigerian communities with Lagos
metamorphosis as a case study.
1.3Purpose
of the Study
The main
purpose of this study is to investigate undergraduate students’ perception of
factors responsible for unemployment in Lagos State. Specifically, the study is
embarked upon to;
i.
find out the undergraduate students’ perception to entrepreneurial
education in tertiary institutions
ii. examine undergraduate students’
inclination to entrepreneurial spirit after tertiary institutions
iii.
examine students’ perception on the causes of unemployment among
Nigerian graduates
iv.
Find out the challenges facing Nigerian graduates in their efforts to
becoming entrepreneurs
1.4Research
Questions
The
following questions were raised to give directions to the study;
i.
What are the perceptions of undergraduate students towards
entrepreneurial education in tertiary institutions?
ii.
What inclinations do undergraduate students have to entrepreneurship
after graduating from tertiary institutions?
iii.
What is the perception of Nigerian graduates towards the unemployment in Lagos
iv.
What are the challenges facing Nigerian graduates in their efforts at
becoming entrepreneurs
1.5Significance
of the Study
The will
provide useful insights into the state of entrepreneurship education for a
range of role-players in Nigeria. Therefore, findings from this study would be
most useful for policy makers, academics, educational institutions and the
public in general. Furthermore, this study could assist in the following
situations:
Help
tertiary institutions understand the shortcomings of current entrepreneurship
programmes and raise awareness about developing suitable entrepreneurship
programmes to prepare students for entrepreneurship as a career option;
Serve as a
documented source on entrepreneurship education for curriculum developers in
Nigeria, thus it might inform Nigerian educators to integrate curriculum and
teaching methods that foster entrepreneurial competencies, skills and
attitudes.
It is hope
that the outcome of this study will expose undergraduate student to the need to
develop them and look beyond seeking employment from organization to become
self reliance after graduating from institution.
1.6Scope of
the Study
Due to time
and financial constraints this study, will be limited to undergraduatesin
government owned institutions and graduates employment seekers in Lagos State
metropolis, Nigeria.
1.7Definition
of Relevant Terms
In order to
avoid ambiguity, the following terms are operationally defined thus;
Employment:
an occupation by which a person earns a living; work; business.
Entrepreneur:
a person who sets up a business or businesses, taking on financial risks in the
hope of profit. Also this can be defined as a person who organizes and manages
a business undertaking, assuming the risk for the sake of profit.
Entrepreneurial
spirit: It's an attitude and approach to thinking that actively seeks out
change, rather than waiting to adapt to change.
Graduate
employment seekers: This are graduates from colleges or universities seeking
employment in an organization.
Perception:
the way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted. This can
also be someone view about an issue
Tertiary
institutions: a high-level education in which students study for degrees and
academic research is done.
Undergraduate
students: An undergraduate is a college or university studentwho's not a
graduate student.
Unemployment:
this occurs when a person who is actively searching for employment is unable to
find work.
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