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GENDER
INEQUALITY AND WOMEN PARTICIPATION IN POLITICS
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
of the Study
Gender inequality has been an issue for several
centuries, the world over. Though history has it that fewer women have been in
power even before colonialism. Instances are the Queen of Daura, the Sarauniya
of Zazzau in pre-jihad, the Angwu Tsi who was almost the counterpart of the
King, with her own Palace, in the middle belt, Iyayun the Queen who ruled in
fifteenth century in Oyo, after the death of her husband (Modupe, 2001).
Though from the foregoing, it will be seen that very,
very few women have had the opportunity in a leadership position, yet in every
one or single case of women, there are several hundreds of the male
counterparts.
Sexism has become a major problem in Nigerian
politics. Women have been politically considered endangered species and their
low participation in Nigerian government and politics is often associated with
culture, religious, economic constraint and male chauvinism. The African
society in general and Nigerian society in particular has placed most of the
leadership roles on the men folk, thereby championing the course of gender
inequality.
Economically, some feminist perceive women’s
marginality in the conduct and management of the public affairs as arising from
their entrenchment of the globalized capitalists relations of production. The
traditional society did not recognize the contributions of women in any
decision making process. The women are carefully ignored in any important
meeting of the family, community and even in government establishments. Till
today, community development meetings are always held at night thereby making
it impossible for most women to attend.
A relationship, which ensures that majority of
Nigerian women are peasants and home makers. Nonetheless, feminists have failed
to fundamentally unravel in their explanatory analysis to the feminine gender
self-emulating attitudes. Feminine gender-self-destructive factors is the
decline of women participation in government and it is often lay in exist
analysis, for instance, the 1991 population census put the number of Nigerian
women at about 44 million which is almost 50%, and by implication, half of the
Nigerian electorates (National Population Census Commission). This electoral
power has not been converted to assertive feminine electoral and political
advantages over the years (NNCC Report, 1991).
In recent past, however, especially in the wake of the
millennium and also in the 2011 general elections, many women have risen up to
the challenges of the time. Many women have come to assume leadership positions
in both politics and religion. This is a giant step in the right direction as
it will go a long way in breaking the jinx of gender inequality and male
chauvinism in
The 2011 general elections presented women with good
opportunities to navigate the way to power, those in attendance were female
legislators, representative of various women’s groups, women and male gender
activists, the market women’s association, professional associations and media
practitioners. All these groups of women are after the actualizing the 35%
Affirmative Action Committee by President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan.
The 2011 general election was seen as a good platform
to authenticate the voting pattern of Nigerian women. It is truly evident the
active participation and the support of women to the 2011 campaigns and
elections, hence the need for reflection and focused advocacy for the conscious
and quality inclusion of women in the structures of the newly elected
government and parliament through clear pronouncements and action (AIT’s Focus
Nigeria, 2012).
1.2
Statement
of Research Problem
Gender
inequality especially in the political arena is a serious challenge being faced
by women in Kaduna State.
The
statement of the problem therefore, is the issue of economic disadvantage which
might have impacted negatively on the women’s participation in the 2011 general
election in Kaduna State.
1.3
Research
Questions
What are the roles of women in Kaduna State politics,
past and present?
Why has there been this near absence of women in
politics?
This
study analyzes the gender inequalities in Kaduna State politics and redefines
this problem in terms of the present political situation. The questions to be
answered by this research work include the following:
i)
What were the measures
used by the government to improve women’s participation in politics during the
2011 general election?
ii)
To what extent did
women’s participation improve the politics of Kaduna State?
iii)
Are the primary roles of
wife and mother too demanding to permit women’s other kinds of activity in
politics?
iv)
What were the factors
that combined to enforce discrimination against women in the 2011 general
election?
1.4
Objectives
of the Study
The objective, which this research work seeks to achieve
includes:
i)
To assess the nature of
women participation in politics in
ii)
To identify the economic
disadvantages associated with the women failure in 2011 general election.
iii)
To identify the cost of
running electioneering campaign which was high in the 2011 general election.
1.5
Significance
of the Study
Women’s participation in
-
To proffer an enduring
solution through its findings and recommendations.
-
Contribute to the bulk of
knowledge in the existing literature. Nevertheless, the project will also serve
as a guide to future researchers who intend to investigate in this area.
1.6
Hypothesis
H1:
Women’s participation in politics is hindered by cultural, religious and
economic factors.
H0:
Women’s participation in politics is not hindered by cultural, religious and
economic factors.
1.7
Scope
of the Study
This study is aimed at women participation in politics
and it shall be narrowed to the 2011 general election. The study will
investigate the electoral process general elections and it will concentrate on
gender and party politics.
1.8
Limitation
of the Study
The researcher was faced with a number of constraints
in the process of carrying out this study. Some of them are discussed below:
1)
Time: Time
is one limiting factor of the study. This relates to the fact that this
research work is one out of a number of different courses, the researcher is
pursuing for first semester examination for the final year.
2)
Inadequate Finance:
The price of most of the materials needed for the study had been increased in
the recent past. This constrained the researcher to strict conservation of
almost everything at the expense of presenting a better work.
1.9
Methodology
The researcher intends to adopt the quantitative
method of data analysis. The primary source of data will be collected through
questionnaires which will be administered randomly using the three senatorial
zones of the state. The secondary source will include books, journals on gender
inequality and also publication on electronic media. In collecting data,
statistical tools will be used such as percentage and diagrams.
1.10
Definition
of Terms
-
Gender: Gender
refers to the socially constructed roles, behavior, activities, and attributes
that a particular society considers appropriate for men and women.
-
Gender Inequality:
Gender inequality refers to disparity between individuals due to gender. Gender
is constructed socially through social interaction as well as biologically through
chromosomes, brain structures and hormonal differences (Wikipedia).
-
Woman:
Women is defined as an adult female person.
-
Women Right:
These are inalienable, integral and indivisible parts of universal human
rights.
-
Women Violation:
These are gender-based violence, which may likely result in physical, sexual
or psychological harm or suffering to
women including threats, coercion, or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether
occurring in private or public life.
-
Women Empowerment:
This refers to the provision and availability of opportunity and services which
enables women to actively participation and contribute to political, economic,
social and cultural development of the nation.
-
Discrimination against
Women: According to the new edition of Oxford
Advance Dictionary, discrimination is the practice of treating somebody or a
particular group in the society less fairly than the others. Discrimination
against women therefore, stands for the practice of treating women less fairly
than men in the society.
-
Women Participation in
Politics: According to Ibrahim and Salihu, the
marginalization of women in the society can be traced back to humanity’s
history. It is not restricted to specific culture and people, variations often
occur in its nature and manifestation. However, it is by no means inherent in
man’s nature but social phenomenon that reveals itself through relationship and
the emerging culture values and norms often affirmed through existing
institutional and legal structure of the society. It is in the light of the
foregoing that Odofu ad Omojuwa posited that, women worldwide are in a
disadvantageous position and that the above statement currently situates the
negative plight of women in global and historical context.
1.11
Chapterization
The
project work is broken down into chapters, sections and sub-sections.
Generally, there are five chapters in this research work.
Chapter One contains
the introduction, statement of the problem, objectives of the study,
significance of the study, research questions, assumptions, scope and
limitation, research methodology and conceptual clarification.
Chapter
Two is also broken down into sections and
sub-sections, it contains the literature review which comprises of the introduction,
gender inequality, women and education in Nigeria, women and political
participation in Nigeria, women and development, marginalization of women in
power, and the theoretical framework of sexism.
Chapter
Three contains the history of political
participation of women in Kaduna State, the women participation in the first
and second republic, the women participation in the third and fourth republic
and women participation in 2011 general election in Kaduna state.
Chapter
Four will serve the purpose of data
presentation and analysis, analysis of responses to General questions on
Assessment of the nature of gender inequality and women participation in
politics in 2011 general election in Nigeria, a case study of Kaduna state.
Chapter Five contains
the summary of findings, conclusion and recommendations.
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