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ANTIBACTERIAL
AND PHYTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF Phyllanthus Niruri ON SELECTED BACTERIA
ABSTRACT
The
antibacterial and phytochemical properties of the leaf, stem and root extracts
of Phyllanthus niruri were carried out against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Salmonella sp. and Staphylococcus aureus. The identification of the
isolates was done by standard microbiological techniques which include Gram
staining and biochemical methods. The various solvents used include: hot water,
cold water and ethanol and were used at various concentrations; 250mg/mL,
125mg/mL, 62.5mg/mL, 31.25mg/mL, and 15.625mg/mL. Antibacterial assay showed
that hot water extract of Phyllanthus
niruri root had the highest activity against Escherichia coli and Salmonella
sp. (32mm), while hot water extracts (leaf) had the highest activity against
Staphylococcus aureus (32mm). Ethanol extract (root) has the highest activity
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa followed by ethanol extract (stem) and
Salmonella sp.(32mm). Disc diffusion and
broth dilution methods were used to determine the Minimum Inhibitory
Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). Ethanol
extract (leaf) had MIC 125mg/mL against Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus
aureus while Pseudomonas aeruginosa had 62.5mg/mL. Hot water leaf extract had
MIC 31.25mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus. Ethanol extract (stem) had
250mg/mL against Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp.,62.5mg/mL against
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 125mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus. Minimum
Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was the same as the Minimum Inhibitory
Concentration (MIC).
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The use of
plants in curing illness is as old as man (Grabley, 1999). Large populations of
people especially in the developing world rely on folk medicines for the
treatment of common infection as well as persistent diseases (Ndukwe et al.,
2005). In recent times, there have been increases in antibiotic resistance
strains of clinically important pathogens which have led to the emergence of
new bacterial strains that are multi-resistant (Albinu et al., 2004). The non
availability and high cost of new generation antibiotic with limited effective
span has resulted in increase in morbidity and mortality (William, 2000). It is
estimated that today, plant materials
are present in or have provided the models for 50% of western drugs (Robber et
al., 1996). Many commercially proven drugs used in modern medicine were
initially used in crude form in traditional and folk healing practices or for
other purpose that suggest potentially useful biological activity. Traditional
healers have long used plants to prevent or cure infectious conditions (Clark,
1995). Consequently, this has led to the search for more effective
antimicrobial agents among material of plant origin with the aim of discovering
potentially useful ingredients that can serve as a source for the synthesis of
new antimicrobial drugs (Pretorius et al., 2003). Plants used as antimicrobial,
are effective against infectious diseases while simultaneously mitigating many
of the side effects that are often associated with synthetic antimicrobials.
They are effective, yet gentle (Gill, 2007). Many vegetables are mainly
consumed for their nutritional values without much consideration foor their
medicinal importance (Aletor and Adeogun, 1995).
The genus
Phyllanthus refers to leaves and flowers and is one of such medicinal plants
and is still investigated for further findings. The flowers as well as the
fruits seem to become one with the leaf. It is a wide spread tropical
rainforest plant commonly found in coastal areas.
It comprises
of 600-700 species with minor distinguishing features among them. Phyllanthus amarus, Phyllanthus urinaria and Phyllanthus niruri are the most employed
species. Phyllanthus niruri belongs to the family Phyllanthacae, genus,
Phyllanthus and specie niruri. Phyllanthus niruri has its common name
stone-breaker (because of its strong root). It is commonly called “ENYIKWONWA”
(the same family with ugba) by the Igbo’s in Nigeria. The stem and root have
been reported along with the leaves to be of medicinal value (WHO, 2001). The
latex form leaves has been used as antimalaria and for the treatment of
infections of bacterial origin (Farombi, 2003).
Aims and
Objectives
The aims and
objectives of this work are to:
Determine
the antibacterial activities of Phyllanthus niruri
Determine
the chemical constituents that may be present in the extract (ethanol, hot
water and cold water).
Determine
the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal
Concentration (MBC) of Phyllanthus niruri extracts
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