ATTENTION:
BEFORE
YOU READ THE CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPIC BELOW, PLEASE READ THE
INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN
GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COSTS N5,000
ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE
BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08168759420
THE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEPTIN AND ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC
PATIENTS
ABSTRACT
Obesity, a
state of hyperleptinemia and leptin resistance, may play a role in the
aeitiopathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Leptin hormone which was
originally recognized for its role as a satiety factor has now been implicated
in a wide variety of multisystem biological functions, including the regulation
of glucose homeostasis. However, there is paucity of information regarding
leptin and its effect on the West African population. This study was therefore
aimed at studying the relationship between leptin, obesity and insulin levels in
type 2 diabetes mellitus. One hundred and eighty- three diabetics (183) and 96
control non-diabetics were studied. Pulse, blood pressure and anthropometric
parameters of all the respondents were measured. Fasting blood sugar (FBS) was
analyzed using the glucose oxidase method and lipid profile was determined
using enzymatic method. Serum leptin and serum insulin were also analysed using
enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) method. Homeostasis Model Assessment was used
to determine insulin resistance. Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and non-
diabetic controls that were normotensive with no disease complications or
associated chronic illness were used for the study. The mean serum leptin
levels for the diabetics and non diabetics was observed to be 4.57 ± 0.17 ng/ml
and 4.70 ± 0.25ng/ml respectively (p > 0.05) and the mean insulin level for
the diabetic and non diabetic groups are 4.70 ± 0.25 μU/mL and 4.49 ± 0.01
μU/mL
respectively (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was observed between leptin
and body mass index (BMI) in both type 2 diabetic patients (r = 0.36, p <
0.05) and non-diabetics (r = 0.48, p < 0.05). A positive correlation was
also found between leptin and waist circumference (WC) in both type 2 diabetic
patients (r = 0.32, p < 0.05) and non-diabetics (r = 0.39, p < 0.05). Hip
circumference (HC) also correlated positively with leptin in both the diabetics
(r = 0.33, p < 0.05) and non-diabetics. The study also found a positive
correlation between leptin and FBS in the non-diabetic group (r = 0.21, p <
0.05) but a negative correlation in the diabetic group(r = - 0.18, p <
0.05). A correlation was also found between leptin and HOMA-IR in both the
diabetic (r = - 0.018, p < 0.05) and non-diabetics (r = 0.20, p < 0.05).
However there was no significant relationship between leptin and insulin in
both type 2 diabetic patients (r = 0.11, p > 0.05) and non-diabetics (r = -
0.06, p < 0.05). Age, BMI and WC emerged as the independent predictors of
leptin in the diabetic group while BMI, WC and HC emerged as independent
predictors of leptin in the non-diabetics.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Leptin is a
167-amino-acid protein transcribed from the obese (ob) gene of mice and human
subjects (Zhang et al., 1997; Brennan et al., 2006). The hormone is expressed
and secreted from the adipose tissue of mice and humans, and the quantity
secreted is highly correlated with body fat mass and adipocyte size (Maffei et
al., 1995; Considine et al., 1996). Obese people have been shown to have higher
leptin levels than normalweight in people (Maffei, 1995).
Leptin
hormone was initially thought to play a vital role only in the regulation of
food intake, energy expenditure, and whole-body energy balance in rodents and
humans (Janechova et al., 2001). Since the discovery that leptin replacement
improves insulin sensitivity and diabetes in mice homozygous for mutations of
the obesity gene (obgene), it is now been implicated in the pathophysiology of
obesity and is shown to play a significant role in insulin resistance related
to obesity (Harris et al., 1996). Leptin is also shown to play a role in blood
glucose homeostasis (Heather et al., 2012). It has also been reported to
normalize blood glucose and insulin levels in ob/ob mice with type 2 diabetes
mellitus (Pellymounter, et al., 1995).
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE, print the following
instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written
material(s).
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount
(#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1) Your project
topics
(2) Email
Address
(3) Payment
Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) after
we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
AFFILIATE
Comments
Post a Comment