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THE EFFECTS
OF SCHOOLS SUPERVISION ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Our society
requires adequate human and materials resources to improve its social
organization, preserve the culture, enhance economic development and reform the
political structures. Education is often seen as a prerequisite for quality
manpower development and creation of wealth, a sure path to success in life and
service to humanity. Education is the conscious efforts to prepare students
through monitoring, teaching and learning for their role in the future (Adedeji
al 2008).
In this
regard, education is severally conceived and inculcated by people of varying
background, age, needs and aspiration for sustainable development. The potency
of education is more evident in its globalization tends imbued with
instrumental values of nurturing productive citizens, sustainable development
and democracy. Education has been recognized as a process of impacting
knowledge, skills and attitudes to the learners. This could take place in
varying schools with the purpose of ensuring total development of the children.
According to
Akinpelu (2004), education can be defined as the process of transforming
cultural heritage and renewal from one generation to another. He stressed
further that education is a process of renewal of experience that will probably
occur in a deliberate and institutionalized from in order to generate social
sustainability. Thus, making education relevant is a matter of ensuring that it
generates, informs and maintains the student vision of life including his/her
professional activities, attitudes, beliefs and values.
Education
being regarded as the act or process of impacting or gaining knowledge,
judgment and a level of intellectual maturity. In a general sense, is a form of
learning in which the knowledge, skills, values, ideas, norms, morals and
habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to another
through the process of teaching, training or research Adeyinka A.A (2009), John
(Quoted by) as Adewuyi and Ogunwuyi (2002) define education as the culture
which each generation purposely give to those who are to be its successors in
order to qualify them for at least keeping up and if possible for raising the
level of improvement which have been attained.
Taiwo (1980)
define education as the training of the young with a view of their growing up
and developing into adults who can fend for themselves, live in a society and
be of service to that society. Hence, Education is conceived as the process of
acquiring skills, knowledge, understanding attitudes and values in problem
solving.
Redden in
Okemakinde (2014) gives a more explicit definition of education. According to
him, Education id deliberate and systematic influence extended by the mature
person upon the immature through instruction, discipline and harmonious
development of physical, intellectual, aesthetic, social and spiritual powers
of the human beings according to their essential hierarchy by and for the
individual and social uses which is directed towards the union of the educated
with the creator at the final end. Speaking in the same vein, Thompson says
that education is “the influence of the environment upon the individual to
produce a permanent change in his habits of behavior, of thought and of his
attitude”. Environment has various aspects, physical, social and cultural.
Education should therefore facilitate the task of adaptation of the child to
his environment. Thus, Educational system however, affects the way people of a
particular country carryout their educational programmes.
Moreover,
Education is the pivot on which the development of any nation revolves. It is
very vital to the peace of social, political and economic development of any
nation. For this development to be achieved, it is important that educational
institutions are properly administered, most especially at this period when a
lot of complexities have been introduced into the educational system. The
rationale is that every educational administrator and supervisor have accurate
knowledge, information, skills and tools that are needed for effective
management and supervision of student’s academic performance.
Human
organization whether large or small, primitive or modern, educational or
non-educational, engages in some activities or operation which leads to the
achievement of their set goals and objectives. The emergency of the modern
world has been significantly impacting, productive, profitable and worthwhile
in the conceptualization of evaluating the price and worth of the education.
Thus, educational activities cannot take place in vacuum, rather, in a
well-structured formal settings or environment called school.
School being
an integral and indispensable element of actualizing the set of educational
goals and objectives is the birth place of citizens ideal. It is more important
that all the stakeholder in the academic circle be it teachers, the students,
the principals, the administrators and lot more should collaborate and work in
order to have an outstanding result. Despite all the process involved in the
teaching-learning process such as sequential planning’s of the teaching
process, organizing the classroom to suit the desired educational purpose,
proper and adequate classroom management, teachers intellectual and good
oratory skills through evaluation of the teaching activities and lot more. The
students’ academic attainment or success is not guaranteed if proper, timely
and through supervision is not done in the teaching-learning process especially
in teaching accounting subjects in the secondary schools. Ultimately, this is
where the exploit of the teaching-learning process lies in yielding the
intended result it is vehemently believed that the defect and setback upsurge
in the academic community especially accounting circle in the secondary schools
comes as a result of laxity in the area of school supervision. The task of
school supervision has become increasingly complex within the past decades
which call for urgent needs of the school supervision or supervisory teams to
make use of relevant behavioral theories and techniques to be able to manage
the modern complex educational institutions successfully.
School
supervision is seen as the activity carried out by supervisors to oversee the
activity of the workers or staff and that of the learners in order to ascertain
the successful outcome of the teaching-learning process. The supervision done
by the school must be properly and effectively done especially in teaching
accounting subjects in secondary schools. Accounting is a subject that involves
the process of recording, analyzing, classifying, selecting, summarizing,
interpreting and communicating financial data of an organization to the end
user in order to make useful economic decision.
On the
content of the academic performance of the students in subject, it is seen that
their performance of the student in the subject (in terms of academic) demands
effective and efficient school supervision as a result of the relevance of the
subject in other field of study. Accounting falls under the vocational area and
therefore, it is a discipline that is very essential for business. It helps
both profit and non-profit making organization, which is it helps the
organizations to make policies which wall enhance expansion. It aids
proprietors in assessing the efficiency of management and provides information
which parties outside an organization to make objective judgement about the
organizations.
To this
extent, the study is aimed at investigating the effects of school supervision
on the academic performance of secondary school student in Nigeria. The finding
from the study area may as well be of a general application to other schools in
term of planning, organizing and evaluating student academic performance within
and outside the study area in Nigeria.
1.2
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
For some
years now, it has been observed with keen interest the sharp increase in poor
academic performance of student in accounting subject most especially in senior
secondary school certificate examination (SSCE), as a result of inadequate
supervision. However accounting subject has played and is still playing
enterprise like any other human organization requires adequate supervision to
ascertain the pre-determined aims and objectives also to increase future
businessman the effects of school supervision must be considered. To this
extends this research work is structured to investigate the effect of schools
supervision on academic performance of secondary school students in Nigeria.
1.3
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Specifically
in conducting this study, the researcher has the following as the major
objectives;
i) To
identify factors that influence good and effectives school supervision in
secondary school.
ii) To
access the impact of effective school supervision on the academic performance
of students in studying accounting subjects in secondary schools
iii) To
ascertain the area of strength and weakness of the school supervision on the
students’ academic performance in secondary schools.
iv) To find
out the quality of teaching-learning materials and necessary skills on the part
of the teachers and learners readiness to effect the desire performances.
1.4 RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
The
following research questions were raised to guide the study:
1. To what
extent does regular supervision have relationship with student’s academic
performance in Secondary School?
2. What is
the relationship between class visitations by principals and students’ academic
performance in Secondary School?
3 To what
extent does a Positive or negative remarks by Supervisors have impact on
Teacher’s Job Performance?
4. To what
extent does regular instructional supervision have relationship with teacher’s
performance in Secondary Schools in Nigeria?
1.5 RESEARCH
HYPOTHESES
H0: There is
no significant relationship between class visitations by Principals and
students’ academic performance in Secondary School.
H1: There is
a significant relationship between class visitations by Principals and
students’ academic performance in Secondary School.
HO: Regular
instructional supervision has no significant relationship with student’s
academic performance in Secondary School.
H2: Regular
instructional supervision has a significant relationship with student’s
academic performance in Secondary School.
1.6
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It is
believed that at the completion of this study, the findings will help the
following groups: Teachers, Schools’ management, Education board, the Parents
Teachers Associations (PTAs), and other researchers interested in supervision
of instruction. The findings of this study will help teachers to understand and
appreciate the importance of supervision of instruction on effective classroom
performance as regards instruction. It will help them understand that
instructional supervisors are there to assist them and not to harass them. It
will also make them know that the way they perceive supervision of instruction
can make or mar their classroom performances. This study will help the schools’
management to have understanding about the teachers’ perception on the
influence of instructional supervision on class performance. And this
understanding will help them realize that the perception of teachers towards
supervision of instruction can make or mar the school activities. Since
classroom instruction is one of the major school activities in the school and the
school is like a factory that processes the students into finished products.
Also, it will help the school management to know the extent to which attendance
to conference and seminars improve teachers’ classroom performance. This will
make them encourage teachers to participate more in conferences and seminars.
1.7 SCOPE
AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
For the
purpose of attaining the objectives of these findings this study is not
expected to cover beyond examine school supervision and its influences on the
academic performance of the students in Nigeria. Therefore, the study focuses
specifically on the effects of school supervision on the academic performance
of secondary school students in Nigeria. In the cause of the study, the
researcher encounters some limitations which limited the scope of the study;
Staff
Reluctance: In most cases the staffs often feels reluctance over providing
required information required by the researcher. This result in finding
information where the structured questionnaires could not point out.
Researcher’s
Commitment: The researcher, being of full time student spent most of her time
on other academic activities such as test, class work, assignment, examination
etc which takes average focus from this study.
Inadequate
Materials: Scarcity of material is also another hindrance. The researcher finds
it difficult to long hands in several required material which could contribute
immensely to the success of this research work.
Financial
constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher
in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the
process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
1.8
DEFINITION OF TERMS
School: A
school is an institution designed to provide learning spaces and learning
environments for the teaching of students (or “pupils”) under the direction of
teachers. Most countries have systems of formal education, which is commonly
compulsory. In these systems, students’ progress through a series of schools.
Supervision:
Supervision is the act or function of overseeing something or somebody. A
person who performs supervision is a “supervisor”, but does not always have the
formal title of supervisor. A person who is getting supervision is the
“supervisee”.
Academic
performance: Academic achievement or (academic) performance is the extent to
which a student, teacher or institution has achieved their short or long-term
educational goals. Cumulative GPA and completion of educational degrees such as
High School and bachelor’s degrees represent academic achievement.
1.9
ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
This
research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows
Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview,
of the study), statement of problem, objectives of the study, research
question, significance or the study, research methodology, definition of terms
and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlight the theoretical
framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature.
Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the
study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation
of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of
the study.
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