HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE: A STUDY OF SELECTED CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES IN RIVERS STATE.
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HEALTH AND
SAFETY MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE: A STUDY OF SELECTED
CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES IN RIVERS STATE.
ABSTRACT
This study examined the relationship of Health and
Safety Management and Organizational performance in construction industry in
Rivers State, Nigeria. Yamen’s formula for sample size determination was used,
a sample of twenty eight (28) questionnaire were drawn for the study. A twenty
one (21) items questionnaire with a 5-point scale (Likert’s Method) response
format was developed and used for the study. The test-test, method was used to
ascertain the reliability of the instrument, which showed 0.85stability. Nine
(9) research questions and hypotheses were asked and tested respectively. The
essential variables of the study were strategies planning, strategic
implementation and supportive supervision (an independent variables); return on
investment, profitability and market share participation (the dependent
variables). Regression analysis method was used to test the hypothesis at
significant level of 0.05. The SPSS software facilitated that the following
relationship are true in construction companies studied. There is a strong and
significant relationship between strategic planning, strategic implementation,
supportive supervision, and market share. Based on these findings, some of the
recommendations made include: management should give health and safety management
a priority attention, since a healthy person, order things being equal is a
productive individual; employees should be given appropriate training under
qualified trainers on the area related to their job and also on general aspect
of health and safety. Government should pay serious attention to devoilation of
health and safety rules and regulations by construction industry, since many of
them are selfish; and finally, the use of obsolete and malfunction equipment
should be done away with, since most of the accident are as a result of these.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Cover Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Declaration iv
Acknowledgment v
Abstract vi
Table of Contents vii
List of Tables viii
CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 background
of the study 1
1.2 statement
of the problem 6
1.3 conceptual
framework 10
1.4 purpose
of the study 11
1.5 research
questions 12
1.6 research
hypothesis 13
1.7 significance
of the study 15
1.8 scope
of the study 16
1.9 limitation
of the study 16
1.10 operational
definition of terms 18
1.11 organizational
of the study 20
CHAPTER
TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.0 Introduction 24
2.1 concepts
of health and safety 25
2.2 strategic
management process 27
2.3 safety
and health policy 29
2.4 strategic
planning 32
2.4 safety
and health objectives and targets 33
2.4.2 performance standards 34
2.5 strategic
implementation 36
2.5.1 management responsibilities 37
2.5.2 individual responsibilities 39
2.5.3 safety consultation
participation and
Representation 40
2.5.4 training awareness and
competence 42
2.6 supportive
supervision 44
2.7 strategic
planning and organizational performance 45
2.8 strategic implementation and
organizational performance 48
2.9 supportive
supervision and organizational performance 50
2.10.1concept of organizational
performance 54
2.10.2measuring organizational
performance 60
2.10.3 profitability 64
2.10.4 market share 66
2.11 relationship between health and
safety management on
Organizational performance 68
2.11.1 The effect of the relationship 69
2.11.2 effects of health and safety
management and
Organizational performance 72
2.12 size of organization 73
2.12.1 organizational culture
2.12.2 organizational size as
moderating factor influence the
Relationship between health and safety
management and
Organizational performance 75
2.12.3 organizational culture as
moderating factor
Influencing the relationship between
the health and safety
Management and organizational
performance 78
2.12.4 measuring culture 78
2.12.5 human model 80
CHAPTER
THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction 97
3.1 research
design 98
3.2 sample
procedure/ sample size determination 99
3.3 data
collection method 100
3.4 operational
measures of variables 101
3.5 data
analysis techniques 103
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENATION ANANLYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION
4.0 Introduction 106
4.1 data
presentation 106
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0 Introduction 128
5.1 summary
of findings 128
5.2 discussion
of findings 130
5.3 conclusion 131
5.4 recommendation 132
5.5 suggestion
for further study 133
Bibliography
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
Appendix 4
Appendix 5
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The
ultimate goal of every organization is to attain its overall objectives. A lot
of innovations have been made, new technological equipment purchased by various
arms of organizations, researches and development projects have been executed
by experts in various functional areas. Training programmes are continuous
virtually in every organization. But the expectations of many organizations are
not met. It is obvious that many variables contributed to the achievement of
organization objectives. Though other variables contribute to the difficulty of
meeting their targeted objectives. Health and safety are twin factors that
impede attainment of organizational objectives.
The
health and safety of employees in an organizational are of prime concern to all
managers in every organization. The attention given to these indispensable
variables are indications of the extent to which management value its
employees. Nwachukwu (2009, P 265) effective health and safety programmes could
result in an efficient work force by reducing absenteeism due to injury,
sickness and grievances reduction.
It
is an established fact that health and safety of employees in any organization
are the hubs on which organizational success and failures revolve, because it is
a commonly belief that “Health is Wealth” other things being equal a healthy
and safe (protected) employee is an efficient productive individual. According
to the World Health Organization (2009) “Health is a state of complete
physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease”
therefore the employees attitude toward the corporate goal of the organization
will be positive if their health and safety needs are met other factors being
in their rightful places. On the contrary, if the situation is the reverse,
considering the huge investment and over increasing demand for efficiency in
production both in goods and services, the management need to employ all
available resources within its reach to established effective health and safety
measures.
There
are factors that influence the health and safety management in organization and
its organizational performance. A successful occupational health and safety
practice requires the collaboration and participation of both employers and
workers in health and safety programmes, and involves the consideration of
issues relating to occupational medicine, industrial hygiene, and toxicology,
education, engineering safety, ergonomics, and health psychology.
Occupational
health is of often less attention than occupational safety issues because the
former are generally more difficult to confront. However, when health is
addressed, so is safety, because a healthy work place is by definition also a
safe work place. The converse, though may not be there, a so called safer place
is not necessarily also a healthy workplace. The important points are the
issues of both health and safety; must be addressed in every workplace.
Poor
working condition of any type of have the potential to affect workers health
and safety. Unhealthy or unsafe working condition are not limited to
factories-they can be found anywhere, whether the workplace is indoor or
outdoor.
Poor
working conditions can also affect the environment workers live in. since the
working and living environments are the same for many workers. This means that
occupational hazard can have harmful effect on workers, their families and
other people in the community as well as on the physical environment around the
workplace.
Work
play a central role in people’s lives, since most workers spent at least eight
hours a day in the workplace, whether in plantation, in an office, factory or
construction site. Therefore, work environment should be safe and healthy. Yet
this is not the case for many workers. Everyday works all over the world are
affected with a multitude of health hazards, such as dusts, gases, noise,
vibration and extreme temperature.
Unfortunately
some employers assume little responsibility for the protection of workers
health and safety. In fact, some employers do not even know that they have the
moral and often legal responsibility to protect workers. As a result of the
hazards and lack of attention given to health and safety, work related
accidents and diseases are common in all part of the world.
Work
related accidents or diseases are costly and can have many serious direct and
indirect effects on the lives of workers and their families. For workers some
of the direct cost of an injury or illness are; the pain and suffering of the
injury or illness; the loss of income; the possible loss of job, health care
lost.
It
has been estimate by World Health Organization (WHO), (2009) that the indirect
cost of an accident or illness can be four to ten times greater than the direct
cost or even more. An occupational illness or accident can have so many
indirect costs on workers that it is often to measure them. One of the most
obvious indirect cost is the human suffering caused to workers’ families, which
cannot be compensated with money.
The
huge costs to employer on occupational accident or illness also estimated to be
about as much as 58 million dollars yearly WHO (2009). For a small business,
the cost of even one direct costs are; payment for work not performed; medical
and compensation payments, repair or placement of damaged machinery and
equipment; reduction or a temporary halt in production; increased training
expenses and administrative costs; possible reduction in the quality of work;
negative effect on morale in other workers.
Some
of the indirect costs for employers are; the injured/ill worker has to be
replaced; a new worker has to be trained and given time to adjust; it takes
time before the new worker is producing at the rate of the original worker;
time must be devoted to obligatory investigations to the writing of reports and
filling out of forms. Accidents also arouse the concern of other workers and
influence labour relation in a negative way; poor health and safety conditions
in the work place can also result in poor public relations.
In
order to develop a successful health and safety programme, it is essential that
there be strategic planning and implementation in the effort to create and
maintain a safe and healthy workplace. An effective management addressed all
work related hazards, not only those covered by government standards.
The
quest to proffer lasting remedy to this questions led to research to determine
how certain variables such as strategic planning, strategic implementation,
supportive supervision and effective training on health and safety programmes,
on one hand and on the other hand determine how dependent variables such as
return in investment, profitability, market share, could enhance organizational
performance in construction companies in Rivers State.
1.2 STATEMENT
OF THE PROBLEM
In
managing organizations, management attaches much importance to the management
of human resources. This is achieved through the proper management of health
and safety of employees. The proper management of health and safety of
employees has significant impact on the organizational performance. It is
observed that a healthy and safe employee will desire to meet the expectation
of the organization. These basic variables are inadequate in many construction
companies in Rivers State, rather undue influence and pressure are mostly
exercised such as forcing worker to try to adapt themselves to unsafe
condition, which is also shifting the responsibility from management to the
workers.
The
management has a lot of duties concerning the health and the safety of
employees apart from normal routine which include inspection of worksite and
equipment. The manner in which these functions are performed and the response
of the employee will differ from one company to another in the construction
companies in Rivers State.
It
is the belief of the researcher that an average Nigerian worker is hardworking,
efficient and ready to work. Though they may seem to be lazy, unwilling to work
and inefficient and safety measures.
When
the expectation of employees is not met, it is a common experience in
construction companies that when the employer (management) is around, employee
will endure to perform their assigned task. But once the employer (management)
is away, the job is abandoned. To a large extend, the poor implementation of
policies and regulations enshrined in the construction companies policies
begins to manifest clearly, despite the modern equipment and machinery
employed.
The
employee participation in decision affecting the work and their welfare, health
and safety training, effective communication structure, health and safety
procedures, environmental working condition, and compensation policies are the
next important areas where health and safety management lingers.
In
as much as these units of health and safety management are not fulfilled, the
high expectation of organizational performance of management from the employees
often suffers setback. Once the employees finds a leeway that will enable him
to keep away from the job or release for sometimes. The lapses and laxity
created form the loop hole for the employee which might have been created by
the management or through corporate setting.
It
is therefore imperative to examine the relationship between health and safety
management in an objective manner to ensure that adequate supervision is
guaranteed, as well as strategic planning, policy and regulation, strategic
implementation and supervision to enhanced overall organizational performance.
It
quite interesting to know that there is sufficient literature existing on rules
and regulations, policies, management commitment, strong worker participation,
union and government involvement and good communication structure which foster
organizational performance.
However,
there is apparent non availability of literature on factors prevalent in health
and safety management in construction companies in Rivers State such as
strategic planning, strategic implementation and supportive supervision which
may cushion organizational performance. This constitute the existing gap which
this study intent to close.
Consequently,
it is the intention of the researcher to determine the impacts which factors
existing in health and safety management such as (strategic planning, strategic
implementation and supportive supervision on health and safety expert on
organizational performance in construction companies in Rivers State. It is
expected that the research would promote organizational performance in
construction companies.
1.3 CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
The
researcher did a comprehensive review of the review of the related literature
on health and safety management and organizational performance and came up with
improved model that reflects the general view on relationship between the
variables of the study.
General
frame work model on the relationship between health and safety management (HSM)
and organizational performance (OP).
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
INDPEENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLES 
Source:
Conceptualized by the Researcher 2012.
The
model looks at Health and Safety Management (HRS) as the input point and
direction flow reflects the influence it may have on organizational performance
(OP). This influence has flow into organizational performance (OP). since there
are moderating variables which include size and culture that were introduced
into the system. The output has a feedback loop that allows the outcome or
result of organizational performance (OP) to flow lack into Health and Safety
Management to form fresh inputs.
1.4 PURPOSE
OF THE STUDY
The
main purpose of the study is to examine the effect of health and safety
management in construction companies in Rivers State of Nigeria with a view to
ascertain the following:
1. To
identify the relationship between strategic planning and return on investment
in construction companies in Rivers State.
2. To
identify the relationship between strategic planning and profitability.
3. To
identify the relationship between strategic planning and market share.
4. To
identify the relationship between strategic implementation and return on
investment.
5. To
identify the relationship between strategic implementation and profitability.
6. To
identify the relationship between strategic implementation and market share.
7. To
identify the relationship between supportive supervision and return n
investment.
8. To
identify the relationship between supportive supervision and profitability.
9. To
identify the relationship between supportive supervision and market share.
1.5 RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
The
following research questions are designed to provide appropriate direction to
the research work.
1) To
what extend does strategic planning on health and safety management influence
return on investment on organizational performance.
2) To
what extent does strategic implementation on health and safety management
influence return on investment?
3) To
what extent does supportive supervision on health and safety management
influence return on investment?
4) To
what extent does strategic planning on health and safety management influence
profitability?
5) To
what extent does strategic implementation on health and safety management
influence profitability?
6) To
what extent does strategic implementation on health and safety management
influence profitability?
7) To
what extent does strategic planning on health and safety management influence
market share?
8) To
what extend does strategic implementation on health and safety management
influence market share?
9) To
what extent does supportive supervision on health and safety management
influence market share?
1.6 RESEARCH
HYPOTHESES
H01:
There is no significant relationship between strategic planning on health and
safety management and return on investment on organizational performance.
H02:
There is no significant relationship between strategic implementation on health
and safety management and return on investment.
H03: There is no significant relationship between
supportive supervision and return on investment.
H04:
There is no significant relationship between strategic planning on health and
safety management and profitability.
H05:
There is no significant relationship between strategic implementation on health and safety
management and profitability.
H06:
There is no significant relationship between supportive supervision on health
and safety management profitability
H07:
There is no significant relationship between strategic planning on health and
safety management and market share.
H08:
There is no significant relationship between strategic implementation on health
and safety management market share.
H09:
There is no significant relationship between supportive supervision on health
and safety management and market share.
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
The
significance of this research work aims at achieving the following:
1. Provide
information to management in construction sector on how various factors such
strategic planning strategic implementation of policies, supportive supervision
compensation policies, risk and hazard prevention measure could influence
organizational performance in construction industry in Rivers State on Nigeria.
2. Provide
information to construction companies and other organizations key factors when
initiating influence on organizational performance in any organization.
3. It
would enable management to attain the corporate objective for which any
organization is established.
4. It
would broaden the understanding of management commitment to strategic
implementation and supportive supervision
that lead to the success of any organization.
5. It
would provide frame work for student and those who wish to carry out further
research work in this area.
1.8 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study covers virtually all
construction industry and other related industries since health and safety is
indispensable in almost all organizations. The unique characteristics of
construction industry make the issue of health and safety a peculiar affair.
The construction industry is diverse in nature; the building construction
differs from road construction and other types of construction activities. On
the whole, all aspects of construction operation is covered in the study as far
as health and safety management in concern.
1.9 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This
study is limited to an appraisal of variables in health and safety management
as they affect organizational performance in construction industry in Rivers
State.
However,
due to the typical Nigeria attitude toward the release of information about
organization which they consider as confidential, respondent were lukewarm
during sample collection of information relating to organization health and
safety policies and regulation, report of management inventory in health and
safety measure. Return on investment record, data on team work results rate of
accident, sickness, compensation files, training records and safety tool.
Effort were made towards averting the problem of unrealistic responses by
persuading and educating as well as soliciting for support and co-operation of
the respondents on the intent of the research which is purely academic
exercise.
Above
all, some of the respondents were reluctant to return the questionnaire and in
order to address this problem; the researcher personality visited some of the
construction companies again and liaised with some officials to ensure that
most of these copies were retrieved. Another problem encountered in the course
of the study was in the collation of response from respondents and the rigour
of analysis the data using the requisite statistical tool.
Time
was another problem, because of the limited time available which could not
allow for extensive research survey. Money was not left our among the
constraints, because some of the officials that demand constant contact for
handy information was not possible because of financial constraint.
1.10 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
A
number of terms defined in order to clarify the manner in which they are used.
Others are not defined under this section were definitely treated as and when
used.
1. Accident: An unforeseen, unexpected
event that is capable of causing personal injury, dead or property damaged or
both.
2. Strategic: This refers to options
that a company has to accomplished is an objective as a blue or plan adopted by
the management for accomplishment of its goals.
3. Attitude: A stable, long-lasting and
learned predis position to respond to certain things in different ways.
4. Communication: He process of
transmitting or exchange information, ideas, belief, and opinion normally the
use of language, though, non verbal communication which is less equipped to
handle complexity and change.
5. Control: The aspect of management
concerned with the comparison of actual versus planned performance; as well as
the development and implementation of procedure to correct substandard
performance.
7. Organizational Performance: This is
refers to the total accomplishment by the whole organization in relation to
total input and output as well as meeting the target of the organizational
objectives.
8. Employee: A person who offers his or
her service to another person or organization for exchange of wage or salary.
9. Employee Productivity: This is the
ratio of the total output to the total input. This is the relationship between
unit of labour input and unit of output. It also measured how well resources
are brought together in organization and utilized for accomplished a set of
result. Productivity is reaching the highest level of performance with the
least expenditure or resources.
10. Human Resources Management: The
possibility for making the best use of organization employee. One of the
functions of personnel management.
11. Hazard: An unsafe action condition with
potential for causing an accident or nearness.
12. Management Commitment: Is the direct
participation by the highest level executive in a specific and critical aspect
or programme of an organization.
13. Organization: A group of people who work
for a common goal.
14. Organizational Commitment: Is the
relative strength of an individual’s identification with and involvement in
particular organization.
15. Occupation: Is anything trade, career or
profession a man engage himself a lifetime in order to earn a living.
16. Safety: The absence of danger or hazard
at the workplace, it borders on injury and asset damage at work.
17. Safety Management Strategic: Refers to
methods adopted by an organizational in order to reduce the occurrence of
accident in the workplace.
18. Training: An organizational effort
aimed at helping an employee to acquire basic skills require for the effective
execution of the function for which he was employed.
19. Unsafe Acts: An action by a worker that
predispose himself and other workers to hazard example failure to wear personal
protective equipment, horseplay, improper use of equipment.
1.11 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
This
study is organized in five chapters, one is the introduction focusing on the
background of the study, the statement of the problem, conceptual framework,
the purpose of the study, research questions, hypothesis, significance of the
study. Other areas treated in chapter one includes, scope of the study, limitation
of the study, definition of terms used and the organization of the study.
Chapter
two deals with the review of relevant literature. The chapter is broken down
into sub-topic, each reflecting the key interest area. Chapter three is the
research methodology. The focus of this chapter is on research background of
the organization, population of the study, sample and sampling techniques,
other issues includes research instruments, validity of the instrument, scoring
of the instrument and method of data analysis. Chapter four deal with data
presentation, analysis and interpretation. The last chapter, chapter five
present summary, conclusion, recommendation and suggestions.
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