IMPACT OF RURAL URBAN MIGRATION ON ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION OF THE SOCIETY A CASE STUDY OF JALINGO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA THE TARABA SCATE CAPITAL
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IMPACT OF RURAL URBAN MIGRATION ON ECONOMIC
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SOCIETY
A CASE STUDY OF JALINGO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA THE
TARABA SCATE CAPITAL
ABSTRACT
Rural
urban migration is a phenomenon that causes a lot of concern to the people of
the under developed countries which ours is one among them. It is a believe
that movement of people from one place to another must have a cause and
consequences which attract or pull migrants to such an area of destination.
This was because of the fact that the interactive exchange of goods and
services drives from regional variation in ecological conditions and natural
endowments, uneven distribution of productive factors and their indivisibility
as well as regional variation in human resources, trade, tradition, taste and
consumption patterns necessitate movement. In addition the undue concentration
of socio-economic development in the urban areas and the neglect of rural areas
have all resulted to the phenomenon rural urban migration. The researcher find
his way into the issue of rural urban migration which has been attracted people’s
attention to order to see if there are some benefit derivable from the people
influx to the city of Jalingo. If such exist or not what recommendation can be
put forward to better the lot of the city and rural people? The fact of this
work was based on these hypothesis made;
i. There is no significant relationship
between rural urban migration, into Jalingo and unemployment rate in the city.
ii. There is no significant relationship between
rural urban migration and increase in price of basic commodities in the
iii. There is no significant relationship
between rural urban migration to Jalingo and accommodation problem in the city
of Jalingo.
From
the analysis of the fieldwork, I discovered that the magnitude of people influx
into the city is high and have some associated social problems which some among
them are; increase in price of goods and services, low standard of living of
those who are already in the city, problem of accommodation, overused of
available social amenities in the city and as well as creating city slums.
Based on the findings from the sample population, I therefore recommend that
(1) the traditional practice and custom of rural community surrounding the
state capital jalingo should be restrain their conservation spirit be curtail
to accept changes in order to enhance development trough urban rural migration
Patten which would in turn attract investment in the rural areas. (2) the
practice of land ownership by rural community should be checked to enable those
with investible intention in agriculture have access to the land where they
will invest which will create employment opportunities to the rural dwellers
and induce social essentialities of life to their host community gearing toward
development which will in the long run discourage rural urban migration. (3) Government
of the day should revive and overhaul it loadable programme with perfect
implementation of it aims and objectives. Such as national directory of employment
gearing toward self-reliance and self-employment, directory of food roads and
rural infrastructure, gearing towards improving the production of land and
creating access road and storage facilities to the agricultural in both the
rural and urban areas. (4) The expansions of urban development strategies by
creating job opportunities for absorption of migrants to the urban area
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgment iv
Abstract v
Table of Contents vi
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 Introduction/background
information 1
1.1 Statement
of problem 2
1.2 Objectives
of the study 4
1.3 Research
hypothesis 5
1.4 Methodology
of study 6
1.5 Limitation
of study 8
1.6 Significance
of study 9
1.7 Organization
of study 10
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
2.0 Introduction 10
2.1 Causes
of rural urban migration 11
2.2 Consequences
of rural urban migration 16
2.3 Migrants
characteristic 22
2.4 Effort on the part government to alleviate
the problems of city dweller 23
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Introduction
of data collection 25
3.1 Instrumentation
of data collection 26
3.2 Population
and sample of study 27
3.3 Technique
of data analysis 29
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0 Presentation
and analysis of data 30
4.1 Introduction 31
4.2 Presentation
of data 34
4.3 Data
analysis and discussion 35
4.4 Testing
of hypothesis 37
4.5 Discussion
of result 39
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
5.0 Introduction 40
5.2 Summary 41
5.3 Recommendation 43
References 44
Bibliography 43
Questionnaires 44
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
History
has shown that people’s settlement from time immemorial was induced by
movement. Migration means movement of people from one place to another.
Migration
from rural to urban areas has come to be almost accepted as a normal pheromone
in Nigeria and the rest of the world. Many developing countries are currently
experiencing large-scale movements from the rural areas to the urban centers.
Human migration may be seen as a major mechanism of social and cultural diffusion
and have played a tremendous role in helping mankind maintain a more or less
even balance between distribution of numbers and resources among nations.
Migration
in its totality is classified into interpersonal, interregional and
international movement. All rest emphasis on the place of origin and place of
destination via, rural urban migration and urban rural migration. These types
have played a leading role in the development and transformation of individual
regions and continent of the world.
Bartitle
Olinlin (1933) puts that the flow of information within a national territory
creates the conditions which favour increasingly intensive interaction, between
different area manifested in the movement of goods and services between them.
He noted that the intensity of this interaction and the volume and diversity of
the goods and services which interchange, thus become measure not only of
national integration but also of the of development within the country.
The
basis of movement can be stress in terms of the underlying conditions
instigated by people who decides to move and the movement patterns. It is
believe that people move from one area to another because of sets of force or
circumstances that derives them out of the old habitat that is set of push factors
it’s important to know whether movement is voluntary of involuntary. The
assumption was that movement that occurred in the ancient world is voluntary
because it was instigated due to the decreasing capacity of land for food
production thus, necessitated a move to a new habitant. The involuntary
migration is more often the result of some positive pull factors towards a new
pole such include better home and better economic opportunities.
Rural-urban
migration leads too many positive and negative social facts both on the origin
and the destination which remains as a social problem in the mind of the
society dwellers that needed a solution hence the study is undertaken.
On
the positive aspect of rural urban migration, the following can be noted:
a. Rural
urban migration usually provides more directly evidence of the development of
urban located production and of a continuing demand for labour to engage in the
production. This implies that migrants create urban labour force.
b. Migration
may undergo economic social and political changes as a result of moving into a
new location that is urban centrre.
c. Migration
from rural areas to urban areas may have access to further their education
need.
d. Migration
of people has a strong tendency to bring about some degree of spatial and
national integration.
On
the negative aspect of rural urban migration these point below can be
considered, via;
a. Unemployment
and under employment may fall in the sending areas as migrants leave.
b. It resulted
to the over use of the available social amenities in the city.
c. Migrants
with employment problems might become violent criminals and political
dissidents.
d. Rural urban
migration will lead to increase in price of the available goods and service in
the urban centre.
1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
The
mass movement of people into the city has created a number of social problems
to it dwellers. This problem is stated as follows:
a. Prices
of the basic necessities of life such as food, accommodation and clothing have
gone up as a result of rural urban migration into the city.
b. Influx
of people into urban areas have led to overused of the available social
economic infrastructure found in the urban areas.
c. Urban areas
are facing the problems of congestion and environmental pollution caused by
massive movement of people of into the city.
d. Influx
of migrant from rural areas to the city in search of white colour job
(employment opportunity) have resulted to many graduate and school leavers
unemployed.
These
problems have posed a lot of challenges to policy makers of the developing
countries where the phenomenon is often found and efforts have been made to
emiloriate these problems by policy makers have yielded no dividend since the
state creation. Among the policy measures adopted by both the national and
state government include, national directorate of employment (NDE) directorate
of foods, roads and rural infrastructure (DFRRI). The expansion of urban
development strategies to create opportunities of absorption of migrant and rural
development strategies of reduce the effect of the push factors on the rural
populace to the city. Since mid-seventies and eighties have not achieved the
desire results.
It
does also believe failure of these policies eminates from wrong understanding
of the situation which have resulted in the need to understand the impact of
rural urban migration on economic transformation of the society. Jalingo
metropolis” this is because what is relevant in one area cannot be said to be
universal. Jalingo is one of such area experiencing this problems that needs to
be studied thus impact of rural-urban migration on economic transformation of
the society with jalingo a case study”.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
Having
highlighted the problems and benefit associated with rural urban migration
cities, this study is set out to identify and outline the possible courses of
rural urban migration to jalingo metropolis, to discuss the socio economic
impact of rural urban migration on area of origin and destination. And to
suggest the possible ways of meliorating these problems
1.3 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
In
order to achieve the stated objectives of the study the following assumption
will be tested.
i. There
is no significant relationship between rural urban migration to Jalingo and
unemployment in the city.
ii. There
is no significant relationship between rural urban migration to Janlingo and
accommodation problems in the city.
1.4 METHOD OF STUDY /INTRODUCTION
The
findings of this research work will base on primary source of data collection.
Where questionnaire, oral interview and sample survey will be adapted to a
cross section of the sample population.
1.4.1 STUDY AREA
Jalingo
the Taraba state capital is situated in the North East of the country Nigeria.
It became a state in 1991 during the then general Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida
regime it was created our from the defunct Gongola State which is now made up
of Admawa and Taraba State respectively. The state share, in the South West plateau
state, in the south-east with the republic of Cameroon, Adamawa State in the
North and the south-south with Benue state.
1.4.2 STUDY AREA CHARACTERISTIC
This
research work is restricted to the Taraba State capital, which is comprises of Jalingo
Local Government Area and Ardo-Kola Local Government Area. The state capital is
a metropolis and urban society.
It
is heterogeneous in nature with a high concentration of administrative and
business activities, which induces employment opportunity.
For
better picture of urban society the work of a pioneer sociologist with (1938)
suggested that urbanism was specially form of organization. This form of
organization was characterized by relatively large dense and permanent
settlement of socially heterogeneous individuals.
Mabogunze
(1974) puts in that urban centres are center of innovation diffusion of new
ideas seat of employment opportunities, or self-fulfillment and self-actualization.
Mabogunje
()1978, Ojo 1978 see the urban center as area known for it diverse economic
opportunities available to enhance the life of its citizens. This content in
lating both to employment and welfare services, technological, communication
and at whole the political which Jalingo is not left aside in these criterion
of urbanization.
Jalingo
metropolis has a number of associated socio economic activities and social
basic infrastructures within the city which pulled many rural populaces towards
her. Consequently the influx of people into the city and its associated social problems
necessitated the topic of this research work, “impact of rural urban migration
on economic development of society with Jalingo a case study”.
1.4.3 POPULATION OF STUDY
Three
hundred and fifty (350) sampling population would be derived from the overall
population of the metropolis which outcome would determine the findings of this
work through random sampling techniques.
1.4.4 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
In
carrying out this research work both descriptive and inferential analysis would
be adopted through the application of tables and persons, product movement
correlation co-efficient to test the hypothesis of this research work t-test
would be used to test the difference of two means.
1.5 LIMITATION OF STUDY
This
research work would have convered more areas than it did within the metropolis
where the job is concentrated on but because of some constraint encountered by
the researcher, such like financial and time and partly human character did
hindered the progress of the work beyond where it would have read within the
metropolis. All these constraint will narrow any generalization that is likely
to be on this study “impact of rural migration in Jalingo the Taraba state
capital”
1.
This research work and the information
gathered will cover the period within 1992 to 2003. Despite the numerous
obstacles encountered during study period the information gathered is adequate
to serve for the purpose for which this work is intended.
1.6 SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY
The
significant of this study will base illustrate thus, the findings of this
research work would help to highlight the problem, facing the city “Jalingo
dwellers within the past 12 years of it creation.
It
will also help to bring to the knowledge of the city dwellers and her
inter-land the possible advantages derivable by area of origin through rural
urban migration.
The
possible recommendation of this study would help policy makers’ fashion out
dynamic measures of dealing with the problems of rural urban migration and
urban congestion. Finally, this study will assist in further research work and
that thus study should be made available to public for publication and
enlightenment purposes so that public becomes aware of the economic impact of
rural urban migration in Jalingo the Taraba state capital and other related
cities.
1.5 ORGANIZATION OF STUDY
This
study is structured into five chapters via;
Chapter
one deals with the general introduction of the study. Here the researcher
stated the research problems, objectives, significance, hypothesis of the
research method of life study and scope and limitation of the study.
Chapter
to covers the review of existing literature in rural urban migration. Where
various theories of inflation were examined in detail. Also, some studies
carried out on the topic in Nigeria were reviews in the chapter.
Chapter
three is on the theoretical framework of research methodology.
Chapter
four, is on data presentation, and analysis, and also interpretation of
results.
Chapter
five is the conclusion part of this work, which is based on summary, conclusion
and some recommendation.
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