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INDUSTRIAL SAFETY AND WORKERS’ PRODUCTIVITY
(A SURVEY OF SELECTED FIRMS IN ABIA STATE)
ABSTRACT
The study examines industrial safety and workers’
productivity, (A survey of selected firms in Abia State). The main issue of
interest is that for any organization to achieve set targets in productivity,
increase in output, and to make profits, safety and conducive environment for
people that work therein must be enhanced; this can be achieved, through the
introduction of safety programmes by companies so as to foster a safe work
environment, for people engaged in employment. A descriptive study using survey
method was adapted, structured questions in a questionnaire form were used to
extract responses from respondents in the sample was statistically selected
from an infinite population. Data collected were analyzed and the null
hypothesis tested. It was found that firms in Abia State engage in industrial safety
programmes and these results in positive effect on workers’ productivity. If
proper care is taken to design the appropriate safety programmes and policies
that suits workers in Abia State, A stronger positive relationship between
industrial safety and workers’ productivity will ensue.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Front Page i
Title Page ii
Declaration iii
Certification iv
Dedication v
Acknowledgement vi
Abstract vii
Table of Contents viii
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 background
of study 1
1.2 Statement
of the problem 3
1.3 Purpose
of the study 4
1.4 Significant
of the study 5
1.5 Research
question 5
1.6 Research
hypothesis 6
1.7 Scope
of the study 6
1.8 Limitations
of the study 6
1.9 Definition
of terms 7
1.10 Organization
of the study 8
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0 Review
of related literature 11
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 The
concept of industrial safety 12
2.3 Classification
of accident 13
2.4 Causes
of accident 14
2.5 concept
of industrial safety 15
2.6 objectives
of industrial safety 19
2.7 legal
aspect of industrial safety 20
2.8 organization
of safety programme 22
2.9 organizational
commitment of safety 24
2.10 concept
of productivity 27
2.11 industrial accidents and workers’
productivity 28
2.12 safety management strategies 31
2.13 effective
communication in occupational safety 33
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 Research
methodology 41
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 Research
design 41
3.3 Population
of the study 41
3.4 Sampling
procedure/technique 41
3.5 Sample
size determination 42
3.6 Data
collection method 43
3.6.1 Primary source 43
3.6.2 Secondary source 43
3.7 Operational
measure of variable 44
3.8 Validity
of instrument 44
3.9 Data
analysis technique 45
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0 Presentation
and analysis of data 48
4.1 Introduction 49
4.2 Data
presentation 49
4.3 Analysis
data 51
4.3.1 Analysis research questions 51
4.3.2 Testing of hypothesis 57
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.0 discussion
of findings, conclusion and recommendation 66
5.1 Introduction 66
5.2 Discussion
of findings 66
5.3 Recommendations 68
5.4 Conclusion 69
5.5 suggestion
of further research 69
Bibliography
Appendix
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In
any organization, the human asset is the most valuable asset of the
organization. This is because it is the human element that works on other
factors of production in order to achieve organizational goal. It therefore
follows that, for the employees to perform their task fearlessly and with
confidence, their safety at the workplace must be guaranteed. Any company that
fails to give adequate attention to industrial safety is indirectly encouraging
low productivity.
Industrial
safety is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the safety,
health and welfare of people engaged in work or employment (Kohn, Mark and
Celeste, 2006:P24).
The
aim of all safety programme is to foster a safe work environment. As a
secondary effect, it may also protect co-workers and family members who are in
the organizational environment. It may involve interactions among many subject
areas, including occupational medicine, industrial hygiene, public health,
safety engineering, chemistry, health physics, and economics toxicology, and
epidemiology and environment health. (National Safety Council, 2009).
Workplace
safety programmes can take many forms and cover many potential areas of concern
which include; provision of personal safety equipment, installation of
equipment controls, creation and dissemination of operational manuals, policies
of hazardous materials handling, adoption of drug and acohol testing policies,
introduction of employee counseling services and implementation of safety
training programmes. These are used by companies to minimize their work force
exposure to work place injuries.
Some
companies believe that workers safety is not necessary. For instance, small firms’
owners erroneously believe that the modest size of their enterprise makes them
immune from following government agencies/world bodies’ safety regulation.
In
reality, even though there may be different standards for some regulations, all
firms do have to pay attention to safety. Indeed, industrial safety is
important considering the numerous benefits it provides. Attention to safety
issues cannot only help business firms avoid legal penalties, but also improve
employee morale, productivity and retention (Pasher, 2004).
Moreover,
effective workplace safety programmes often have a tremendous impact on a
company’s bottom line financial performance. In addition to the hidden benefits
in retention and productivity that go hand in-hand with such programmes,
business firm armed with solid industrial safety policies and records realize
enormous benefits in the realm of insurance.
Every
business firm irrespective of its size is expected to have safety department.
It is the duty of the safety department to design programmes that will ensure
works safety. When workplace safety is guaranteed, workers’ productivity
increases in such organization. This is because the workers’ performs their
task fearlessly and with confidence. This also helps to develop team spirit and
the sense of belongingness among employee. (Nwachukwu, 2000), observes that
worker productivity is much higher in companies that pay adequate attention to workplace
safety than others were safety is lacking. This study therefore examines
industrial safety and workers’ productivity using selected firms in Abia State
as a survey research.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The
issue of industrial safety evolved concurrently with industrial development.
The process was legalized and highly regulated by the federal and state
agencies. The stiff regulatory burden in part, reflects the complex and serous
nature of safety issue. The labyrinth of safety laws and regulation has also
risen to ensure that all firm strictly practice safety at the work place.
However,
ever since the issue of industrial safety was legalized, many firm in Abia
State still shy away from practicing it. The attitude displayed towards safety
programme is very poor that it now becomes an optional thing. Many firms in
Abia State do not have a safety department that would have implemented safety
programmes. Employees have time without number, lamented the lukewarm attitude
displayed by their company towards workplace safety. As a result, many
employees in hazardous industries such as chemicals and fertilizers performed
their task fearfully and with no confidence.
Succinctly,
many firms in Abia State do not know that safety cannot only help them to avoid
legal penalties but also increase their workers’ productivity. Some firm
believe that avoiding safety programmes is smart idea of dodging expense not
knowing that workers’ productivity is affected. Modern organization is the
developed nations like U.S have come to realized that safety measure is a hug
investment one that may save money in the long run by reducing disability pay
and improving productivity. Firms in Nigeria are still yet to realize the
contribution of safety programme to workers’ productivity. It therefore becomes
imperative to examine industrial safety and workers’ productivity using
selected firms in Abia State as a survey study.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The
purpose of this study is to examine industrial safety and workers’ productivity
using selected firms in Abia State as a survey study. The specific objectives
of the study are as follows;
1. To find
out if there is any relationship between industrial and workers’ productivity.
2. To know
if there is any relationship between industrial safety and workers morale.
3. To determine
the relationship that exists between industrial and workers retention.
4. To ascertain
the extent to which industrial safety programmes enhances workers efficiency.
5. To determine
how effective the safety is programmes of firms in Abia state in term of
enhancing workers’ productivity
6. To suggest
possible ways in which firms can improve their safety programmes in order to
increase their workers’ productivity.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This
study is very significant it would help firms in Abia State understand the
contribution of workplace safety to workers’ productivity. The study would also
help management of firms in Abia State and Nigeria as a whole to discover the
importance of establishing a safety department to implement the safety polices
and programmes of the company. The result of this study would also help top
executives and managers to identify the legal implications of
non-implementation of safety programmes at the workers. As well, the recommendations
of this study would help safety manager to discover measures to improve their
safety programmes so as to avoid disability pay, low productivity and avoid
lawsuits. Finally the study would add to the existing stock of knowledge which
future researchers on this topic or similar ones would find useful for their
study.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The
following questions are raised to address the objectives of this study;
1. How
effective are the safety programmes of firms in Abia State in terms of
increasing workers’ productivity?
2. To
what extent does industrial safety enhance workers efficiency?
3. To
what extent does industrial safety enhances workers morale?
4. To
what extent does industrial safety programmes enhance employee job commitment?
5. How
effective are the safety programmes of firms in Abia state in term of
increasing employee job satisfaction?
6. Is
there any relationship between workers safety and workers retention?
1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
The
following hypotheses are postulated in this study;
H01:
There is no positive and significant relationship between industrial safety and
workers’ productivity.
H02:
There is no positive and significant relationship between industrial safety and
workers retention.
H03:
there is no significant relationship between industrial safety and workers
morale.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The
theoretical scope of this study centers on industrial safety and workers Abia
State. The study scope was limited to selected manufacturing firms in Abia
State. The respondents are made up of managers and employees of the selected
manufacturing firms in Abia State.
1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
In
the process of carrying out this stud, certain bottlenecks were encountered.
Among the bottleneck which constituted limitations of this study were;
1. Time Constraint: Because this study was
carried out simultaneously with class lecturers, there were limited times to do
a more extensive research in terms of covering wider areas.
2. Financial Constraint: This study was
expected to cover all the firms in Nigeria but the researcher was short of
adequate financing which would have enhance such coverage.
3. Scope of Study: This study was
conducted among some manufacturing firms in Abia State, hence one might doubt if
the findings form this area and category of organization studied can actually
serve generalization purpose to all the firms in Nigeria.
4. Non-Challant
Attitude of Respondents: In the course of carrying out this study, some of the
respondents failed to cooperate with researcher on information dissemination.
However,
the researcher was still able to collect reasonable amount of information
despite this odds.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
To
avoid misconception, the following terms are defined as used in this study
(Operational definition);
1. Industrial Safety: A cross disciplinary
area concerned with protecting the safety, health and welfare of people engaged
in work for employment.
2. Hazardous: This is something that can
cause harm if not controlled.
3. Hazard Analysis: The process in which
individual hazard of the workplace are identified, assessed and
controlled/eliminated as close to source (location of the hazard) as reasonable
and possible.
4. Industrial Analysis: This is the detail
study of an unexpected occurrence in an industrial establishment, in order to
understand more about them.
5. Workplace Safety Programme: These are
programme developed by companies to prevent illness and improve the welfare of
workers in the workplace. It include measures such as provision of personal
safety equipment, installation of equipment control, creation and dissemination
of operational manuals, polices of hazardous materials handling adoption of
drug and alcohol testing polices, etc.
6. Safety Manager: This is the manager
that is responsible for developing, implementing and managing the safety
programmes of the company.
7. Safety Department: This is the
department that is charged with the obligation of implementation safety
policies and programmes.
8. Productivity: Productivity is often
seen as total output/total input. It is the measure of how well resources
brought together in organizations and utilized for accomplishing a set of
results.
9. Workers’ Productivity: The productivity
of a worker is seen as the relationship between units of labour input and unit
of output.
1.10 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
The study is organized into five 5 chapters.
Chapter
one is the introductory chapter which comprised of the background of the study,
statement of the problem purpose of the study, research questions, research
hypotheses, significance of the study, scope of the study, limitation of the
study, definition of terms and organization of the study.
Chapter
two is the literature review, in this chapter, articles, journals, textbooks,
etc were extensively reviewed to show has has been done on the subject matter
under investigation.
Chapter
three is the research methodology and it was discussed under the research
design, sampling procedure, data collection method, and questionnaire design
and data analysis technique.
Chapter
four is concerned with the presentation and analysis of data. In this chapter
the data collected in the questionnaire were analyzed and the hypotheses were
tested statistically.
Chapter
five is the concluding chapter of this research report and it dealt with the
discussion of findings, conclusion and recommendations.
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