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TOURISM:
A NECESSARY
TOOL FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
(A CASE STUDY
OF RIVERS STATE)
ABSTRACT
The late 1970s
saw the birth of tourism and the government of Rivers State have tried to
develop the sector by carrying out festivals such as festac 77, carnival 88,
rivifest 93, 94 and 95. A scramble for the benefits of tourism had begun. This
study examines the significance of the tourism industry on the economic growth
of Rivers State. The analyzing data were obtained from statistical bulletins
such as the Rivers State budgets from 1995-2004 and the ministry of culture and
tourism budgets also for 1995-2004. Although the research found the impact of
tourism in the overall growth of the state to be insignificant; it did not mean
that the sector was inefficient rather that it was underdeveloped. Hence some
recommendations were made to improve the tourism industry.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Certification ii
Acknowledgement iii
Abstract iv
Table of Contents v
CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction-background
of the study 1
1.1 Statement
of the problem 2
1.2 Objective
of the study 4
1.3 Significance
of the study 4
1.4 Scope and
limitations of the study 5
1.5 Research
hypothesis 5
1.6 Method of
study and data analysis 6
CHAPTER
TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introductions 7
2.1 Growths
in tourism development in rivers state 8
2.2 How tourism
can contribute to economic growth 10
2.3 Factors
responsible for the demand of tourism 15
2.4 Benefits
and challenges of tourism 17
2.5 Negative
economic impacts of tourism 19
2.6 Conclusion 20
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 Introduction 21
3.1 Sources
of data and data collection 22
3.2 Model specification 22
3.3 Formular
presentation 23
CHAPTER
FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.0 Introduction 25
4.1 Data presentation 25
4.2 Result presentation
of the model 26
4.3 Re-statement
of hypothesis 26
4.4 Analysis
and interpretation of results 26
4.5 Test of
significance of the parameter estimates 27
4.5.1 Student first test of the null hypothesis 28
4.5.2 The fishers ratio 28
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.0 Summary 29
5.1 Conclusion 30
5.2 Recommendation 32
Bibliography 33
Appendix 34
Appendix A = Growth
rates for rivers state revenue 34
Appendix B = Growth
rates for tourism revenue 35
Appendix C = Summary
of tourism growth rate 36
Appendix D = Summary
of state revenue growth rate 37
Appendix E= Summary
of revenues for rives state and the
Tourism sector 38
Appendix F = Table
of values for simple regression at 95% confidence 39
CHAPTER
ONE
TOURISM: A NECESSARY TOOL FOR
ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT (RIVERS STATE AS A CASE STUDY)
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The
major interest of an economy is in the diversification of the various sectors
of its economy and the efficient production of goods and services that would
lead to higher macroeconomic output.
Tourism
may be thought of as the relationships and phenomena arising out of the journeys
and temporary stays of people traveling primarily for leisure or recreational
purposes (Pearce D., 1988).
It
can also be defined as a services-based industry comprising of tangible and
intangible components. The tangible elements including transport, foods and
beverages, tours, souvenirs and accommodation, while the intangible elements
involve education, culture, adventure or simple escape and relaxation (Veal
A.,J 1991).
Because
of its interdependence with other sectors of the economy, it is difficult to
analyze and plan for tourism. The lack of reliable statistical data hampers
identification of the mechanisms by which tourism generates growth, as well as
its potential for development. Yet, in those instances were analysis has been
carried out and research has preceded planning, tourism’s priority in competing
for scare investment funds has been established in this cases, long-term
programs for tourism development have been designed.
Today
the tourism sector has proven that the development of its sector would
contribute to the three high-priority goals of developing countries, the
generation of revenue (income), employment and foreign exchange earnings. In
this respect, the tourism sector can play an important role as catalysts in
economic growth and development.
Rivers
State is not the only state suffering from Nigeria’s neglect of this sector,
its poor standards and even worse reputation. While the official Nigeria
tourism development corporation (NTDC) describes it as richly endowed with
ecological and cultural resources. Nigeria is a dwarf in tourism arrivals, when
excluding those having to visit Abuja during one of the ever more frequent
conferences held in the capital.
“it
will be recalled that the slow pace of development of tourism in rivers state
has attributed to the absence of infrastructures and loans facilities to
prospective tourism.
Practitioners”,
the minister of tourism Chief Ogbeowu told members of the federation of tourism
Association of Nigeria (Afro news 12/26/2006).
A
major difficulty in defining the boundaries of the tourism sector is to
ascertain what investment costs should be ascribed to the development of
tourism as it entails the collection of goods and service that are provided
specifically to visitors and would not have been provided otherwise.
1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This
study attempts to examine the role of tourism development and its existing and
future contribution to revenue generation in Rivers State.
Rivers
State is a coastal state located in southern Nigeria; it is bounded by the
Atlantic Ocean in the South and East. Rivers State has a lot of historical
sights because it played a major role during the slave trade era and as such,
it is a major attraction for tourists. It also boasts of large variety of
aquatic life, savannah’s for harboring wild life such as hyena’s, elephants,
snakes, hippopotamuses etc. located around the Eastern Region of Rivers State
are abundant beaches off the coast of Bonny Island, Opobo and Okrika. However,
the neglect by past governments in the area tourism has also led to the
premature deaths of the tourism sites developed by the first military regime of
the state.
Today,
developing countries located in Africa, Latin American and Asia are all relying
on this sector and past statistical data from these countries have shown a huge
progress in this sector as it contributes a huge percentage of their countries
revenues, not only that, it also generates employment and has a multiplier
effect that cuts through other sectors of the economy. This research is been
carried out to show that development of this sector would go a long way in
contributing to economic growth and development through revenue generation.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The
main objective of this study is to determine the impact of tourism growth on
the growth of Rivers State.
ii. To
show that tourism can go a long way in solving some of the macroeconomic
problems in Rivers State such GDP growth, income distribution, employment and
balance of payments.
iii. To
determine the factors affecting its growth and how it can be stimulated. In
view of tourism’s increasing role in economic development, the factors
affecting its performance will be analyzed. An understanding of these factors
is crucial to determining the ways in which national and international
institutions, NGOs, and other socioeconomic groups can play the most value
adding role.
Iv To
determine the revenue that will accrue from tourism development in Rivers
State.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The
significance of this study varies because the tourism sector is inter-woven
with other sectors of this economy, therefore its significance would be felt in
the impact that the industry has on other sectors.
Given
the complexity of tourism consumption, its economic impact is felt widely in
other production sectors, contributing in each case towards achieving the aims
of accelerated development. (ILO, GENEVA, 2001).
Tourism’s
major significance is in the area of assisting in solving macroeconomic
problems, such as unemployment, balance of payment, disequilibrium, income
distribution and GDP growth, the study will show that tourism can and will go a
long way in creating a positive impact in the economy.
This
study is also directed at proving to all sectors involved in tourism that its
neglect would cost the state a great deal of loss in the area of overall
development as tourism has been proven to have a ripple effect on the economy,
this study will also show that investments in tourism are cheaper and that it
would not cost the private and public sectors a large amount of capital.
Finally,
tourism is a gift from God and nature and it is worthy to note those countries
that were rated as underdeveloped or not having major mineral resources have
grown to achieving development status via tourism and my advice is for the
Rivers State Government to follow suit.
1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The
scope of this study covers Rivers State and the towns and rural areas
surrounding it that have the potential for tourism. These towns include, Bonny
Island, Isaka town, Okrika Island, Dawse Island and Port Harcourt.
A
major limitation is the insufficient and inaccurate data collected from state
tourism board, the ministry of culture and tourism and the ministry of budget
and planning.
This
research was also limited by the inaccessible data from tour agencies, hotels,
and the internet.
The
distance between tourist attractions also hampered the collection of necessary
data.
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
H01:
There is no significant relationship between tourism growth rate and Rivers
State revenue growth rate.
H02:
There is a significant relationship between tourism growth rate and Rivers
State revenue growth rate.
1.6 METHOD OF STUDY AND DATA ANALYSIS
a. The
instrument and type of data are strictly secondary as the Rivers State annual
budgets from 1994-2004 were used and the annual budgets of the Rivers State
tourism board for the same years were also used.
b. The
method of analysis for this research is that of simple regression and the
ordinary least square method (OLS) will be applied.
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