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EFFECT OF
LAND DISPUTE ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Land is the
basis for every form of physical development and constitutes the primary medium
for food production, for the provision of sheets and utilities, for the
manufacture of goods and the establishment of institutions to support the basic
needs of modern communities (Lanus ad Olufemi 2006). Ukaejiofor (2009) posited
that land at the heart of social, political and economic life of the most
African countries. He stressed further that, it is the key factor for economic
growth and development of every nation and the foundation for shelter in the
urban areas as well as the source of livelihood in the rural areas. Therefore,
it is an indisputable source of employment and wealth (Idoma and Muhammed,
2014). In recent times, the struggle for available land resource has often
resulted to land disputes and conflicts. A land dispute is a disagreement over
the possession/control of land between two or more territorial entities or over
the possession or control of land, usually between a new state and the
occupying power (Afzalur, 2010).
Robert
(2012) asserted that land disputes are often related to the possession of
natural resources such as rivers, fertile farmland, mineral or oil resources
although the disputes can also be driven by culture, religion and ethnic
nationalism. Land disputes result often from vague and unclear language in a
treaty that set up the original boundary. According to Afzalur (2010) land
disputes are a major cause of wars and terrorism as states often try to assert
their sovereignty over a territory through invasion, and non-state entities try
to influence the actions of politicians through terrorism. International law
does not support the use of force by one state to annex the territory of
another state.
Deininger
and Castagnini (2004) observed that widows are mostly affected by land
conflicts and are the worst hit of land disputes. Studies have shown that
female-headed households and widows are particularly affected and that the
enactment of the 1990 Land Use Act has failed to reduce the number of pending
land conflicts. The government of Nigeria has suggested amending the above said
Land Use Act in a bid to resolve the ever emerging land conflicts between the
Land lords and the sitting tenants. This suggests that, especially in Africa,
attention to land-related conflicts and exploration of ways to prevent and
speedily resolve them would be an important area for policy as well as
research. Land is a treasured resource for development in every respect and at
all levels especially in the sub Saharan regions, and it has become a source of
conflict (Afzalur, 2010).
Evidence
shows that the highest numbers of cases registered by Local Council Courts from
village level to sub-county level are land related (Michael, 1992). According
to interactions with the Local Council members in Warri South-West L.G.A of
Delta State, these cases range from unclear boundaries, grabbing, disputes of
inheritance to deceased property, sell of “air” (land that is not there) and
forceful eviction of sitting tenants by the land lords like those in Warri
Estates. In Nigeria, over 80% of its population practice agriculture and these
depend on land, this is also the case in Warri South-West L.G.A of Delta State
especially in the Ogbe-Ijaw sub-region unlike in Warri Metropolis which is
predominately an Urban Place. What should be observed in this region is that
land is limited due to the high population that has lead to land fragmentation.
This has in turn hindered the socio-economic development of the region due to the
various land disputes resulting from the scarcity of land resources in
Ogbe-Ijaw community.
Studies
(such as Michael, 1992; Lanus ad Olufemi 2006; Ukaejiofor, 2009; Afzalur, 2010;
Robert, 2012) have shown that there is no sufficient empirical data to show the
effect of land dispute on the socio-economic activities in Ogbe-Ijaw, Warri
South-West L.G.A of Delta State and as such there is no basis where land
disputes can be handled. Little attention has actually been devoted to the
study of land disputes despite evidence on increasing incidences of such
disputes. It is therefore; against this background that the researcher will
investigate the effect of land dispute on the socio-economic activities in
Ogbe-Ijaw community, Warri South-West L.G.A of Delta State.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The major
problem associated with land dispute is the loss of lives and valuable
properties. Land disputes often occur between individuals, groups and
organizations. Land dispute in recent times have caused more damage and harm
than good to the modern day society (Ukaejiofor, 2009). Land dispute often
hinder the socio-economic activities of most urban and rural dwellers leading
to economic hardship, poverty, health problems, food scarcity, low standard of
living, among others. This is evidence that the problems emanating from land
disputes are enormous. It has been discovered in repeated studies that land
disputes often results to death and serious injury during conflict battles
especially in situations where it is communal disputes or territorial conflicts
(Fischer, 2012).
It has been observed that the number
of land cases in most Nigerian towns, villages and cities has sometimes led to
war which has displaced citizens from their natural habitats thereby hindering
their socio-economic activities and day-to-day business activities in the areas
(Robert, 2012). Presently, parties have still not come to terms on how to
resolve land disputes especially between villages, towns and cities. Communal
conflicts still dominate the southern parts of Nigeria since the discovery of
oil in the Niger Delta Region. The need for arable land has also increased over
the years giving room for conflict issues and land disputes. No matter the
effort made by the federal, state and local government to resolve land disputes
between villages, towns, and cities, land disputes is still common in these
areas especially among the villagers who see land possession as wealth and
inheritance (Fischer and Ferlie, 2013).
It is no doubt today that, the
problems associated with land disputes could hinder the socio-economic
activities and well-being of most urban and rural dwellers of Ogbe-Ijaw
community and its environs. The socio-economic activities of the people in
Ogbe-Ijaw community which ranges from primary activities (farming, agriculture,
fishing, etc), secondary activities (trading, business, artesian, etc) to
tertiary activities (banking, industries, factories, etc) have been seriously
hindered by land disputes. Businesses are often shut down during crisis, war
and conflicts resulting from land disputes. This often leads to loss of
perishable goods, increase in food prices, high cost of living, unstable
society, loss of infrastructural facilities, damage to available community
services and basic/social facilities and poor infrastructural development.
Evidences
have shown that land dispute has a direct effect on the socio-economic
activities of the Ogbe-Ijaw people. Studies also shown that not much effort have
been directed towards examining these effects land dispute has on the
socio-economic activities of the Ogbe-Ijaw people especially on finding
possible ways to address these problems. It has also been discovered that there
is dealt in literature on the effect of land dispute on the socio-economic
activities in Ogbe-Ijaw community. This study therefore seeks to fill this gap
which previous studies have failed to cover and thereafter address the
aforementioned problems which necessitated this study.
1.3 Aim
and Objectives of the Study
The aim of
this study is to examine the effect of land dispute on the socio-economic
activities in Ogbe-Ijaw community, Warri South-West L.G.A of Delta State.
In order to
achieve the above stated aim, the following objectives were designed to guide
the study. They include to:
identify the
socio-economic activities in the area;
identify the
causes of land disputes in the study area;
examine the
consequent effect of land dispute on the socio-economic activities of the people
in Ogbe-Ijaw community;
examine the
problems associated with land dispute in the study area;
find
possible solutions to the problems associated with land dispute in Ogbe-Ijaw
community.
1.4 Research Questions
The
following research questions were raised to guide the study;
What are the
socio-economic activities in Ogbe-Ijaw community?
What are the
causes of land disputes in Ogbe-Ijaw community?
What are the
effects of land dispute on the socio-economic activities of the people in
Ogbe-Ijaw community?
What are the
problems associated with land dispute in Ogbe-Ijaw community?
Are there
possible solutions to the problems associated with land dispute in Ogbe-Ijaw
community?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
The following hypothesis stated in
the null and alternative form will be tested in this study;
H0: Land dispute has no significant effect on
the socio-economic activities in
Ogbe-Ijaw community.
H1: Land dispute has a significant effect on
the socio-economic activities in
Ogbe-Ijaw community.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The study is
intended to establish how land disputes have affected the socio-economic
activities in Ogbe-Ijaw community, Warri South-West L.G.A of Delta State. It
may also enhance and build a body of knowledge on the causes of land disputes
and the consequent effects of land disputes on the socio-economic activities in
the study area. This study will also help to unfold the numerous problems
associated with land disputes as well as suggesting possible ways to solve such
problems. Besides these the Research is a partial fulfillment leading to the
Award of Bachelor of Science Degree in Geography and Regional Planning and
opening up for further future research undertakings.
1.7 Scope and Limitation of the study
This study
is restricted to assessing the effects of the land disputes on the
socio-economic activities in Ogbe-Ijaw community, Warri South-West L.G.A of Delta
State with particular emphasis on the causes of land disputes, consequences and
how it has affected the socio-economic activities in Ogbe-Ijaw community.
It will be
limited to the period of one academic year, as delimitation to the scope of
study for better management and during this period many land disputes will be
experienced. This period is optimal to have a clear picture of the land
disputes in Ogbe-Ijaw community. The study will be carried out in the various
quarters that make up Ogbe-Ijaw community comprising of urban and rural areas.
This study is also limited by inadequate finance, time, unavailability of
resource materials, language and communication barrier.
1.8 STUDY AREA
Ogbe-Ijaw is
an ancient community in the Niger Delta coast of Nigeria. Ogbe-Ijaw is well
known to be one of the Ijaw communities in Nigeria. Ogbe-Ijaw community is the
administrative headquarter of Warri-South-West Local Government Area of Delta
State.
1.8.1 Location and Size
Ogbe-Ijaw
lies within latitude 50521N and 50451N of the equator and longitude 50751E and
50311E of the Greenwich meridian. From West to South, the area is wrapped by
the Forcadoes on the west, Warri South L.G.A on the east, Burutu L.G.A on the
South and Warri North L.G.A on the north. Ogbe-Ijaw has an estimated population
of over 116,000 people (NPC, 2006). The location and size of the study area is
such that favours oil exploitation activities and man has through his various
human and anthropogenic activities (resources exploitation) destroyed the
natural environment. This has given rise for various land disputes in the
community.
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