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INDEPENDENT
GEOLOGIC FIELD MAPPING OF THE IGARRA AXIS OF THE BASEMENT COMPLEX
Chapter One
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Detailed
Geological field mapping is an indispensable exercise in geology as a result of
the fact that geology as a discipline is field-oriented. It is the aspect that
completes and gives life to the study of geology. An independent Geologic field
mapping of the Somorika-Aiyetoro-Aiyegunle-Ogugu-Imiegba-Fugar-Okpekpe-Bawa
Hill-Auchi area and their environs in parts of Etsako East local government area
in the Northern part of Edo state, Nigeria, was undertaking by the 400 Level
Geophysics students and 300 level students of the Department of Earth Sciences,
Federal University of Petroleum Resources Effurun (FUPRE), Warri Delta state,
Nigeria in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor of
science (B.Sc. Honours) degree in Geophysics. The field mapping exercise lasted
for thirteen days (13 days). The Imiegba-Fugar-AuchiBawa Hill area are made up
of sedimentary rocks and lies within the Benin flank of the Anambra basin.
The
Somorika-Aiyetoro-Ayegunnle-Ogugu axis is made up of basically Igneous and
Metamorphic
rocks (schist belt). The Igneous rock is of the Pan – African Orogeny (600±150
mya) (Turner, 1989). The rocks found here are not the oldest igneous rocks in
the African region. Interesting geologic features was seen such as contact
metamorphism, Batholith, Xenolith, Vein Quartz amidst others.
On the other
hand, the Okpekpe-Imiegba-fugar-bawa hill consists entirely of sedimentary rocks,
specifically ferruginous sandstone which was seen around Imiegba and it
underlain the Okpekpe sandstone/shale sequence, the Mamu Formation which
contains carbonaceous shale which can serve as a good source rock as well as a
good reservoir rock because it is well sorted (Brume, 2014). These together
make up part of the Benin flank which is a western extension of the Anambra
Basin. It is a CampanianMaastrichtian continental basin located in south
central part of Nigeria with a total approximate sediment thickness of about
9km and covers a surface area of about 40,000 sq.km and is a roughly triangular
shaped basin that is bounded to the North by the Bida basin and Northern
Nigerian massif, to the East by Benue trough, to the West by West African
Massif, and to the south by Niger Delta complex.
The Council
for Mining and Geosciences (COMEG) stipulates a minimum of about 100 – 180 days
of field experience to be graduated from Geology and/or other allied
departments of Nigerian universities. This is deservedly so in view of the
common saying that the greatest geologist is he who has seen the most number of
rocks.
Field
geology basically seeks to describe and explain the surface features and
underground structure of the lithosphere (Lahee, 2002). The knowledge of field
geology prepares the student for key future operations such as exploration and
mining. Report writing from geologic field mapping also helps to prepare the
student for the important tasks of writing seminar papers, articles for
publication as well as project (research thesis) writing.
1.2 AIM OF THE STUDY:
Basically,
field works or geological field mappings are carried out with the aim of
developing practical skills and knowledge in students necessary for them to
adequately fit into real world of industrial and/or societal challenges.
Specifically, the objectives of the Geologic Field Mapping include: include:
I To imbibe in students,
the scientific attributes of keen observation and making necessary inferences.
II To train students to be
able to recognize the various structural, textural and other geological
features existing in rock.
III To further demonstrate to
students, what had been studied in the classroom.
IV To train students on how to use the
various geological structures and features seen in the field to interpret the
geological history of a rock formation, bearing in mind, the various geological
principles.
V To train students in the act
of logging and production of geological maps.
VI To develop team work among
students.
GEOGRAPHIC
LOCATION AND AREA
The study
area lies within longitude 0060 04.00’ and 0060 12.989’ of the Greenwich
Meridian and latitude 070 05.881’and 070 23.022’of the Equator in Edo State
region. The areas visited includes Somorika village, Aiyegunle village,
Aiyetoro village, Imiegba village, Imiegba-okpekpe road, Okpekpe village, fugar
sandstone and the Bawa hill. The area has good road network but no railway line
was found. Most of the villages were not easily accessible but there were
footpath leading to them.
Generally,
the study areas were accessible by roads (major and minor), and footpaths.
CLIMATE AND
VEGETATION
The climatic
condition of Igarra and its environs fall within the warm-horrid tropical
climate region where the wet and dry seasons are noticed prominently in the
area. The rainy season last for about seven months (May to October) and the dry
season last for about five months (November to April). Rainfall is moderate
between the months of March and May and heaviest between June and September
with average rainfall between 1000mm and 1500mm and temperature as high as
36.7° especially within the hottest period of February to April.
The study
area lies within the Guinea Savannah vegetation belt characterized by short
trees and tall grasses. The vegetation here is prominently made up of sparsely
distributed trees, herbs, shrubs, and grasses. The trees (mango and orange)
help check the activities of erosion. Trees in this area are mostly
concentrated along fracture zones within the plutonic bodies and on the
Quartzite ridges were adequate soil cover has resulted and there is adequate
groundwater retention.
The
vegetation in this area is mostly secondary i.e. the natural vegetation is
being altered and such agricultural crops such as Maize, Yam, Cocoa, Cassava,
Pineapple, Cashew, Mango, and Sugar cane are grown.
SETTLEMENT
AND LAND-USE
The major
occupation of the inhabitants of Igarra and its environs is mainly subsistence
farming and the major crops produced are yams, cassava and pineapples, others
are maize and cocoa. Most of these farming activities are carried out in the
valleys which in most cases have loamy soils and also within a region that has
a high water table. The process of bush burning is followed by hunting of bush
animals by the indigenes. Some of the farmers produce palm oil in small
quantities from the palm trees.
WEATHERING
AND EROSION
The study
area and most part of southwestern Nigeria are currently being devastated by
soil and gully erosion at alarming rates and magnitudes. Several workers have
attributed the prevalence of gully erosion to climatic and anthropogenic
factors (Ofomata, 1973). Nwajide (1980), recognized biologic and hydro
geotechnical characteristics of the gully areas as important factors in the
gullying process.
The high
incidence of gullying and land sliding result from the susceptibility of the
sandy units to erosion under the influence of meteoric and anthropogenic
factors. Landslides are common along many of the Nigerian highways particularly
those that traverse the sedimentary areas of the country.
REVIEW OF
PREVIOUS WORK
The only
detailed published work in the area was by Geological Survey of Nigeria (GSN)
in 1965. Auchi sheet is what cover Auchi, Igarra and environs.
Works of individual workers was also
published in journals of Mining and Geosciences (NMGS) in 1985. Most of the
work in the area was unpublished and mostly done by students in Universities
notably those of University of Benin. Students from Obafemi Awolowo University
and Federal University of Petroleum Resources also mapped the area.
1.3 SCOPE OF STUDY
The scope of
this field work borders on:
Detailed
independent geological field mapping of rock outcrops in the study area.
Collection
of samples from the various lithological units of all the outcrops mapped in
the field.
Plotting of
field data on a field map.
The
interpretation of the sedimentological features obtained from the
sedimentological log drawn from the field and from the laboratory results of
the samples obtained from outcrops.
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