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HEAVY METAL
DISTRIBUTION IN SEDIMENT OF AKPABUYO STREAM, CROSS RIVER BASIN SOUTHEASTERN
NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
Sediment samples were collected through the
purposive sampling method from various streams in Akpabuyo L.G.A, ten sample
location were selected. The concentration and areal distribution of selected
metals (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cr, Ni, Co, Cu, Cd, Pb) in the sediments of Akpabuyo
streams .Geo-accumulation index have been calculated to assess whether the
concentrations observed represent background or contamination levels. It proves
that the choice of the background plays an important role in the interpretation
of the geo-chemical data. It is concluded that the selected streams in Akpabuyo
is uncontaminated except a metal (Cd) which it i-geo value is 1 which means it
is moderately/uncontaminated.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT- -
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LIST OF
FIGURES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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LIST OF
TABLES - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - iv
TABLE OF
CONTENTS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - v
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE
1.3 STUDY AREA
1.4 GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER
THREE
3.1 MATERIALS
3.2
METHODOLOGY(FIELD)
3.3
LABORATORY METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 RESULTS
AND DISCUSSIONS
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 SUMMARY
AND CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.1
INTRODUCTION
Heavy metals
pollution of aquatic ecosystem is becoming a potential global problem,
pollution typically refers to chemicals or other substance in concentration
greater than it would occur under natural conditions. Water pollution is the
introduction by man of substances into the aquatic environment resulting from
deleterious effect as harm to human health (FAO 1990).The presence of increased
level of heavy metals in the aquatic environment has been of much concern for
the past decades due to adverse effect of some metals on living organisms in
food chains leading to man. Pollutants are the cause of major water quality
degradation around the world. Several toxic metals which are important to the
environment and human health have been detected in aquatic media. These toxic
metals include the non-essential meals and are no importance to humans (Borgman
and Norwood 2002).
Trace amount of heavy metals are always
present in fresh water from terrigenous sources such as weathering of rocks resulting into
geo-chemical recycling of heavy metal elements in these ecosystem. Trace
elements may be immobilised within the stream sediments and could be involved
in absorption, co-precipitation and complex formation. Sometimes they are
co-adsorbed with other elements as oxides, hydroxides of Fe, Mn, or may occur
in particulate form.
Heavy metal may enter into aquatic
ecosystem from anthropogenic sources, such as industrial wastewater discharge,
sewage wastewater, fossil fuel combustion, and atmospheric deposition. Trace
element in stream sediment compartment can be used to reveal the history and
intensity of local and regional pollution. In this work, the of stream sediment
contamination was assess using geo-accumulation index.
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The main
objectives of the current study area are:
To assess
the extent and degree of metals, and the origin of these metals, using the
geo-accumulation index of the metals.
To determine
the total content of heavy metals in surface sediments of Akpabuyo.
To estimate
the anthropogenic input and to assess the pollution status on the area.
1.3 STUDY
AREA
The study
area which is located in Akpabuyo, Cross River State lies between longitudes 80 22I
30II E – 80 30I 0II E and
latitude 40 52I 30II N – 40 57I 30II N (fig 2).
With an area of 126,4032 Square Km. Although many stream samples where
collected but few was selscted for the heavy metal analysis. The various
Locations in Akpabuyo which sediment samples were collected and used to carry
out the analysis are Esuk Mbat stream(L1), Esuk Ekpo Eyo Stream(L2), Ikot Akwa
Stream(L3), Dan Archibong Stream(L4), Itu Stream(L5), Ikot Ndarake Stream(L6),
Asioha Stream(L7), Ikot Ekpo Ene Stream(L8), Ekpene Ikot Imo Stream(L9), Ikot
Nakanda(L10), and their following coordinate shown respectively (table 1.3) .
It originate from a hilly region and flows through several villages and
farmland.
Map of Cross
River State indicating the study area Akpabuyo(yellow arrow) Fig. 1
Fig. 2. Map of the study
area and sample locations.
LOCATION NO.
LOCATION NAME
LATITUDE
LONGITUDE
1.
Esuk Mbat
Stream
N 040 54I
40.3II
E 0080 23I
43.7
2.
Esuk Ekpo
Eyo Stream
N 040 56I
55.8II
E 0080 23I
46.2II
3.
Ikot Akwa
Stream
N 040 56I
30.6II
E 0080 27I
20.7II
5.
Dan
Archibong Stream
N 040 56I
12.4II
E 0080 27I
35.5II
6.
Itu Stream
N 040 57I
19.9II
E 0080 28I
42.2II
7.
Ikot Ndarake
Stream
N 040 56I
54.6II
E 0080 25I
46.3II
8.
Asioha
Stream
N 040 55I
36.0II
E 0080 29I
43.9II
9.
Ikot Ekpo
Ene Stream
N 040 53I
34.0II
E 0080 25I
46.0II
10.
Ekpene Ikot
Umo Stream
N 040 54I
55.7II
E 0080 24I
19.8II
11.
Ikot Nakande
Stream
N 040 52I
42II
E 0080 29I
29.0II
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