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EFFECTS OF
SOIL EROSION ON SETTLEMENT
ABSTRACT
This study
examined the effects of soil erosion on settlement in Agbor, and its environs.
It identifies the problems, conservation, strategies, control techniques and
suggest proper management practices. The study adopts the survey research design
in data collection through administration of 150 questionnaires to the
respondents in Agbor coupled with direct field measurement of gully erosion
effect on building structure in Agbor region. The data collected were analzed
using PPMC and t-test statistical techniques. The PPMCC correlation value
obtained for hypothesis 1 (0.935) is greater than the critical value (0.754) at
0.05 level of significance and the t-test calculated value (12.542) for
hypothesis 2 is greater than t-critical value (3.182) at 0.05 level of
significance. The PPMCC coefficient correlation value obtained for hypothesis 3
(6.235) is greater than the critical value (3.182) at 0.05 level of
significance. This indicated that the hypotheses tested shows that there is a
significant relationship between the effects of soil erosion and the level of
settlement development in Agbor. Furthermore, hypothesis 2 shows that that
there is a significant relationship between the causes of soil erosion and the
factors responsible for the degradation of Agbor and its environs. The result
of hypothesis 3 shows that soil erosion has significant effect on the
settlement of Agbor. The implication is that soil erosion has resulted to the
collapse of buildings and poor settlement structure in Agbor. This shows that,
soil erosion has significant effect on the settlement of Agbor. The study
recommended that government/private individuals should construct drainage,
embankments and sand fill burrow pits.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Soil erosion
is a naturally occurring process whether it is by water, wind or ice, involves
the actions of soil detachment, movement and deposition. It could be a slow
process that continues relatively unnoticed or can occur at an alarming rate,
causing serious loss of top soil (Jim, 2012). Loose soil, low organic matter,
loss of soil structure, poor internal drainage, salination and soil acidity
problems are other serious soil degradation conditions can accelerate the soil
erosion process.
Erosion is a
natural process that is prompted by man-made human (anthropogenic) activities
such as deforestation that involves the removal of vegetation, overgrazing,
unmanaged construction of building and roads. Excessive erosion can produce
ecosystem damage, loss of soil and receiving water sedimentation. The effect of
soil erosion is sometimes linked to over population (Cohen, 2007). He further
stated that erosion tends to remove topsoil at a faster rate than soil is
accumulated in an area. This results in collapse of buildings, especially those
of poor foundation. This affects settlement development by residents within the
study area. However, increased soil erosion at a much faster rate than soil is
accumulated materially or artificially is a recent problem due to mankind’s
conservation which in action makes the land unprotected and vulnerable to
degradation. Other natural causes are occurring adduced the rainfall with wind
storms to make wreck havoc on the environment. This ugly effects occurs both in
residential and agricultural/farming areas as well as the natural environment.
The effects of soil erosion are found insitu (on-site) where the soil become
detached), as well as off-site where the eroded soil is transported. Also, in
form of the high rainfall, storms obviously cause deep gullies, but erosion due
to smaller events can seem in form of sheets with no consequence, but in fact
there is a cumulative effect on a long-term basis.
1.2 STUDY BACKGROUND
Cohen (2007)
stated that, the most serious consequence of soil erosion globally is the treat
to long-term sustainability of agricultural productivity and hindrance to
settlement development. This eventually leads to development of rugged terrain
and collapse of buildings. The destructive impact of erosion is felt on
developing countries such as Africa and Asia, and developed countries for which
there is a huge environmental concern.
Soil erosion
results in the loss of soil fertility that makes the land barren that
accumulate more than 25 million hectares of barren lands in the world and to
desertification (Tutor Vista, 2013). High rainfall of short duration and
torrential downpour results in flash floods that make rivers overflow their
banks, destroy foundation and collapse buildings, washed away live stock and act
as hindrance to settlement development (Adelye and Rustum, 2011). Also, it
could damage bridges and causes a dam to overflow to submerging buildings,
displace people from homes, with attendant loss of personal valuables and
ongoing psychological fear and insecurity caused by such event (Bariweni,
Tawari and Abowei, 2012). Like wind and water, coaster erosion is a natural
process but can be exacerbated by human activities. Activities that can
influence Agbor erosion of river droughts, include, mining of sand for
construction purposes, building on the beach, to interfere natural movement of
sand and impedes beach recovery, removal of vegetation from sand dunes, to
destabilize protective barriers, from waves and currents. Erosion not only
cause damages to the immediate area where it occurs but also have negative
effects on the surrounding environment. Water erosion often destroys buildings,
roads and fences and other type of structures, including bridges, cars,
buildings, sewage systems, roadways and canals, etc.
The economy
can also be severely affected by flooding. Businesses may lose stock,
patronage, data and productivity and cause disruption to utilities and
transport infrastructure with knock-on effects to a wider area. Tourism,
farming and livestock’s can equally be affected. The built environment may be
damaged or destroyed as a result of erosion and flooding with high repair costs
and long periods required for reinstatement. The public realm is often badly
affected through damage and deposit of potentially large quantities river
accumulated of debris. Land contamination may occur and spread during erosion.
Individual properties and vital infrastructure may also be damaged or
disrupted, communication, electricity and gas supplies can be interrupted, to wider
communities if sub stations and transport are eroded. Road links, railways, canals, etc, may be
blocked causing disruption to the wider transport network and accessibility and
also result in severely disrupted local inhabitants settings, especially amongst
those considered most vulnerable (Bariweni, Tawari and Abowei, 2012). This
phenomenon is a common site in Agbor and its environs, posing direct threat to
settlement development in the area and the destructions of building
infrastructures in its surrounding rural areas. Cohen (2007) said that improved
land use techniques such as terracing, of building and tree planting can limit
erosion. It is against this background that this study is carried out to find
lasting solution to curb the problems caused by soil erosion especially as it
affects settlement in the study area.
1.3 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
Environmental
hazards including erosion gave rise to lopsided concentration of vehicles in
some of the roads thus making the roads, a place of great conflict between man
and the environment.
It has also
been observed that improper planning in Agbor has resulted to in erosion,
streets flooding, because in most areas, it was observed that settlements,
buildings and other structures were built across River Plains and along flood
water path as well as erosion sites and flood plains, thus obstructing the free
flow of run-off result causing erosion.
Soil erosion
has posed a serious threat to Agbor and its environs, facing the problems
resulting from erosion. During the wet or raised season, some areas are become
inundated to uninhabitable and unmotorable.
Local Government and individual in affected areas, have tried to control
erosion problem without professional input by filling up the affected areas with
gravel, building embankment, placing sand bags and planting trees.
Erosion is
now synonymous with disaster, dangers, despair, destruction, death and damage
to economic properties. Environmental problems caused by urbanization, removal
of the natural cover exposes the soil to the action of running water. This
greatly reduces the fertility of the soil to cause development of monstrous
soil gullies in the land.
Though,
there is no statistics data on the extent of soil erosion and fertility in
degraded areas of Agbor, there is enough evidence to show that, the topsoil is
increasingly depleted by soil erosion though outdated and unscientific
practices. The impact of unchecked settlement development as a result of rapid
urbanization has further aggravated the problem.
Some of the
natural factors which tends to increase soil erosion in Agbor include: soil
type, soil slope and topography. The inherent low statues of soil has much
impact on the effects of organic matter on soil properties. Soil is also lost
when it is down slope, road network, commercial places, building which result
from urbanization and other life and properties.
It has been
observed that the dual factors of topography and heavy rainfall affect the
entire land area of Agbor. That is, most part of the region has been plagued
and subjected to erosion which has resulted to menace to her inhabitants. A lot
of studies have been carried out by scholars on the causes of erosion and this
research will therefore focus on the effects and solution to soil erosion on
settlement in Agbor and its environs.
1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of
this research work is to examine the effects of soil erosion on settlement in
Agbor, and its environs. Specifically, the following objectives will be
addressed;
To examine
the factors responsible for the high erosion degradation in the study area.
To identify
the causes of soil erosion in the study area.
To examine
the extent to which the Agbor environment has been degraded by soil erosion.
To examine
the effects of soil erosion on settlement in Agbor and its environs.
To identify
the problem, conservation, strategies control techniques and suggest proper
management practices,
To recommend
measures to prevent or ameliorate to help eradicate soil erosion in Agbor and
its environ.
Furthermore,
for the purpose of this study, the researcher will determine soil erosion
problems in Agbor which will go a long way to address the socio-economic
welfare of the people.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The
following questions were drawn to guide this research in the study area;
What are the
immediate and remote causes of soil erosion in the study area?
What are the
major factors responsible for environmental degradation in the study area?
To what
extent has Agbor environment been degraded by soil erosion?
What are the
effects of soil erosion on settlement in Agbor and its environs?
What are the
possible solution to address the problems of soil erosion and its adverse
effect on settlement in Agbor and its environ?
1.6 HYPOTHESES
The
following hypotheses have been formulated for this study;
There is no
significant relationship between the effects of soil erosion and the level of
settlement development in Agbor.
There is no
significant relationship between the causes of soil erosion and the factors
responsible for the degradation of Agbor and its environs.
Soil erosion
has no significant effect on the settlement of Agbor.
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
There is a
great need to examine the effects of soil erosion on settlement in Agbor, Delta
State-Nigeria. This study will help to know if there is any significant
relationship between the effects of soil erosion and the level of settlement
development in the study area. The researcher is interested whether soil
erosion has significant effect on the settlement of Agbor. The study will also
look at the factors responsible for the degradation of the natural environment
especially in Agbor, Delta State.
This
research work will cover the entire of Agbor and it’s to look intensely at the
effects of erosion on buildings. It would offer suggestion(s) on the causes of
soil erosion and its advance effect on settlement development.
Therefore,
the research work will unfold the deteriorating effects of soil erosion on
settlement development and other related land use in Agbor. It will educate the
general public on the various causes of soil erosion in the area and proffer
solution to combat the soil erosion problem(s) on settlement development in the
study area.
This study gives us information about
the effects of soil erosion on settlement in Agbor, Delta State-Nigeria as well
as to proffer solution(s) to problems of soil erosion and its adverse effect on
the settlement of Agbor, Delta State. This opens new horizons for new
researchers. The findings of the research are helpful for the policy makers to
introduce some new strategies for the betterment of the society. However, the
findings will also provide useful background information to future research in
the contribution of geography towards nation’s buildings.
This work is expected to guide geographers,
geologists, pedologists, geomorphologists, environmentalists, agriculturists,
builders, engineers, surveyors, educationists, academicians, experienced soil
analysts, etc., and all those whose field of study is associated with solving
soil erosion issues to gain understanding of how soil erosion affects
settlement development and control measures and mitigation strategies and
management techniques can help to advert the enormous problems of environmental
degradation especially those caused by soil erosion.
Finally, the study is also carried
out to enlighten the entire people of Agbor and Delta State on the need to
establish a good and favorable condition to enhance better living among the
urban and rural dwellers.
1.8 STUDY AREA
Agbor is
located in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria and lies in the South-South
geo-political zone of Nigeria. The dialect belongs to the Igbo group
(Williamson, 1986). Agbor came from the word “Gbon” meaning “develop” or
“rise”.
1.8.1 Location and Size
Agbor lies
between the geographical co-ordinate of latitudes 060 051N to 060 161N of the
equator and longitudes 060 051E to 060 091 E of the Greenwich Meridian. Agbor
is one of the major towns in Delta State and located in Ika south Local
Government Area of Delta State. The neighborhoods of Agbor includes; Boji-Boji
Agbor, Emuhu, Ekuku Agbor, Agbor Nta, Alihami, Alisemen, Alifekede, Alizomor,
etc.
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