ATTENTION:
BEFORE YOU READ THE
PROJECT WORK, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW. THANK YOU!
TO GET THE FULL
PROJECT FOR THE TOPIC BELOW PLEASE CALL:
08068231953,
08168759420
TO GET MORE PROJECT
TOPICS IN YOUR DEPARTMENT, PLEASE VISIT:
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF OIL ON
THE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY IN NIGERIA.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Cover Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Preface v
Abstract vii
Table of Contents viii
CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Background
of the study: a historical overview 2
1.2 Statement
of the research problem 6
1.3 Objective
of the study 21
1.4 Significance
of the study 21
1.5 Research
hypothesis 22
1.6 Research
method 23
1.6.1 Library research 23
1.6.2 Secondary data 24
1.6.3 Data analysis 25
1.6.4 Data
presentation 25
1.7 Scope and
limitation of the study 26
1.8 Definition
of terms 26’
1.8.1 Agriculture 27
1.8.2 Crude oil 27
1.8.3 Petroleum 27
1.8.4 Petroleum explorations and exploitation 28
1.8.5 Pollution 28
1.8.6 Oil spillage 28
1.8.7 Policy 28
1.8.7 Policy 28
1.8.8 Gross domestic product (GDP) 28
1.8.9 Productivity 29
1.10 Organization of the research/project 31
CHAPTER
TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction 33
2.1 Literature
review 33
CHAPTER
THREE: METHOD OF THE STUDY
3.0 Introduction 47
3.1 Source of
data and data collection 47
3.2 Data analysis
techniques 47
3.3 Model specification 52
CHAPTER FOUR: EMPIRICAL
INVESTIGATION AN ECONOMIC APPROACH
4.0 Introduction 53
4.1 Presentation
and data analysis 54
4.1.1 Hypothesis one 55
4.1.2 Hypothesis two 60
4.1.3 Hypothesis three 64
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, FINDINGS AND FINAL
CONCLUSION
5.0 Introduction 70
5.1 Summary 70
5.2 Findings
in the study 72
5.3 Policy recommendations 73
5.4 Conclusion 76
Bibliography
Appendixes
ABSTRACT
During
the late 1950s and 1960s, agriculture stood to be the Nigeria’s foreign
exchange earner but the reverse this trend was the case as the production of
oil was intensified between the periods of 1970 till date. There is no doubt
that oil production has contribution to the eventual decline in agricultural
production in Nigeria. The history and development of oil prospecting in
Nigeria has been discussed which dates back to 1908 when a German company, the
Nigeria Bitumen corporation started exploration in Araromi of present Ondo State
of Nigeria. Also the history of agriculture was discussed and it touched the
period when Nigeria primarily was engaged in subsistence agriculture. The
change over from agriculture to oil as the main foreign exchange was also
discussed and this happened in the late 1960s to 1970. The review of various
literatures concerning the impact of oil on agricultural productivity by
different scholars was done to broaden our knowledge and also sharpen our focus
on the study. The method of study gives us details on the source of data and
data collection, and data analysis technique. The source of data and data
collection deals with the type of data used and where they are collected. The
data analysis gives us an insight on the simple regression model which is used
to measure the type of relationship that exist between crude oil production and agricultural
productivity, the relationship that exist between crude oil production and
Nigeria’s gross domestic product (GDP) and finally, the relationship between
crude oil production and unemployment of lower level workers. In the area of
empirical investigation, the econometric approach is used to ascertain the true
relationship that exist among oil production and some real economic variables
among which include agricultural productivity, economic development and
employment of lower level workers has been established through data analysis.
Finally the summary of the entire work is done from chapter one to five. And
some of the findings in this work include; that oil production has negatively
affected agricultural productivity in Nigeria, overdependence on the oil sector
as a major source of revenue, the inability to implement programmes and
policies designed to stimulate agricultural productivity and help in economic
development in Nigeria and others. The conclusion such as insight on the
problems associated with the oil industry such as misallocation of scarce
economic resource, maladministration of human resource and so on.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The
discovery of oil in Nigeria has been a mixed blessing to the Nigeria economy.
The export earnings from crude oil has had a great impact in the development of
various facets of our national life, especially in the urban areas. Our
transportation network which include both the roads, rails, air and eh maritime
sector undergo a revolution between 1971 and 1980. Presently, housing projects,
electricity projects, healthcare projects, institution of higher learning and
other socio-economic activities in all states of the federation have also
benefited from the blessings of the black gold (crude oil). Despite these
blessings, the exploration and exploitation of oil have created some
environmental hazards and also the neglect of the agricultural sector in
Nigeria. Land pollution from spillages, blow outs and normal oil field
operations has contributed its own quota in rendering agricultural lands
uncultivable. Crude oil spills have continued to rise with increase in
production. Vegetation life, timber, cash crops and mangrove trees have been
destroyed and erosion has been the result in many polluted areas. This research
work therefore, attempts to assess the impact of oil on the agricultural
production in Nigeria. The research will also look at the contribution of oil
towards the development of the Nigeria economy.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
Oil
prospecting started in Nigeria as far back as 1908 when a German company, the
Nigeria Bitumen corporation began exploration in the Araromi area of the
present Ondo State. Their pioneering effort however ended with the outbreak of
the First World War in 1914. Then in 1937, oil prospecting resumed in Nigeria.
Shell D’ Arcy (the present shell petroleum development company of Nigeria) was
awarded the sole concessionary rights covering the whole territory of Nigeria.
Their activities were interpreted by the Second World War from 1939 to 1945 but
resumed in 1947.
However,
in 1956, oil was discovered in commercial quantity at Oloibiri in the Niger
Delta area of the present Bayelsa State after several years of searing and an
investment of over N30 million was made in the oil sector. Shells started oil
production and export from its Olobiri field in 1958 at the rate of 5, 100
barrels of crude oil per day. By 1961, other oil firms such as Mobil, Gulf,
Agip, Safrap (now Elf), Tomeco and Amosceas (Now Texaco Chevron) had begun exploration
activities for oil in the non-shore and off shore area of Nigeria. The
exploration right which had formerly been granted to shell alone was broken and
extended to the new comers in line with the government policy of increasing the
pace of exploration in the country. With this pace, Nigeria attained the status
of a major oil producer ranking seventh in the world by 1972 .
At
present, the production of oil in Nigeria has recorded a great increased as at
1994 the production of oil was about 1909013.7 barrels of crude oil per day
(NNPC). During the 1997 federal government annual budget, the production of
crude oil was stated as being 2.4million barrels per day giving the sum of N243
billion as revenue from oil in the 1997 budget.
In
spite of the tremendous increase in the crude oil production and the revenue
that is accrued to it, a vast majority of Nigerians are still engaged in
subsistence agriculture. Conservative estimates of about 75% of the country’s
population are peasant farmers who carry out their activities with simple or
primitive farm implements. They largely produce primary goods (i.e. raw
materials) which include palm oil and kernels, groundnuts, cotton and cotton
seeds, cocoa, soya-beans, bean seed, rubber and timber. During the colonial period,
these products were largely exported for use in the manufacturing industries
located in the metropolitan country, Britain. Thus, the British colonial
government and their companies which operated in the country emphasized a
commercial relationship with the Nigerian people that were supportive of
continued local production of raw materials. Thus, throughout the period of
colonial rule, primary products were virtually the sole source of Nigeria’s
foreign exchange earnings.
At
Nigeria’s political independence in 1960 and stretching up to 1968, non-oil
exports accounted for over 90% of its foreign exchange earnings. This figure
declined to about 59% in 1969. Since the 1970s particularly after the
Middle-East oil embargo in 1973, the oil industry has dominated the economy.
This
is to extent that there is a sharp decline in the contribution of the
Agricultural sector to the nation’s gross domestic production (GDP). Stated
differently, beginning from the year 1970, the value of agricultural
commodities as percentage of total value of export has drastically declined
(see table 2). Specifically, it declined to 8.3% (1971-1975), to 3.0%
(1981-1985), and witnessed a slight increase but still significantly low 4.6%
(1986-1989). The decrease in agricultural production made the federal
government to increase the importation of food supply so as to augment the
domestic food supply. The food import bill rose from N113.88 million annually
in 1970-1974 to N1964.8 billion in 1991 (Ukpon). The boom in crude petroleum
export reduced the share of agriculture in total export to 2.0% during that
period (1970-1974) Nigeria which was previously the world’s leading producer
and export of palm oil now became a net importer of vegetable oil by 1976.
During the 1997 budget broadcast, agriculture accounted for about 28% of the
Nigeria Gross domestic product (GDP).
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
Oil
spillage in Nigeria occurs as a result of sabotage, corrosion of pipes and
storage tanks, carelessness during oil production operations and oil tankers accidents.
In Nigeria, fifty percent (50%) of oil spills is due to corrosion, twenty
percent (20%) to sabotage and twenty one (21%) to oil production. One percent
(1%) of oil spills is due to engineering drills inability to effectively control
oil wells, failure of machines inadequate care in loading and unloading oil
vessels.
Most
of the oil pipes and tanks in the country are very old and lack regular
inspection and maintenance. Thousands of barrels of oil have poured into the
environment through some of the corroded pipes and tanks. A major occurrence
was that at Idoho, an offshore platform in south eastern Nigerian, where about
40,000 barrels of oil spilled into the environment. Sabotage is another major
cause of oil silled in the country. Some of the inhabitants of the oil rich
Niger Delta engage in oil bunkering and from time to time damage and destroy
oil pipe line in their effort to collect oil from them.
Oil
incident have occurred in various parts and different times along our coast.
Between 1979 and 1998 a total of 5724 incidents resulted in the spill of
approximately 2,571, 115, 90 barrels of oil into the environment. Some major
spills in the coastal zone are the GOCONS ESCRAVOS spill in 1978 of about 300,
000 barrels, SHELL PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION’S (SPDC’s) for cados
terminal tank failure in 1978 of about 580, 000 barrels Texaco Funiwa 5 blowout
1980 of about 400,000 barrels and the Abudu pipeline spill in 1982 of about
18,818 barrels (Niger Delta environmental survey (NDES), (1997). Other major
oil spill incidents are the jess fire incident which claimed about a thousand
lives and Idoho oil spill in January 1998, in which about 40,000 barrels were
spilled into the environment (Nwilo et al, 20000).
The
most published of all oil spills in Nigeria occurred on January 17, 1980 when a
total of 370 million litres of crude oil get spilled into the environment. This
spill occurred as a result of a blow out at Funiwa 5 off shore station. The
harvest recorded yearly spill so far occurred in 1979 and 1980 with a net
volume of 694, 117.13 barrels and 600, 511.02 respectively.
The
table below shows data on oil spill incidents in the country between 1976 and
1998.
Table
1:
|
S/N
|
Year
|
No.
of spill incidents
|
Quantity
spilled (barrels)
|
|
1
|
1976
|
128
|
26.157.00
|
|
2
|
1977
|
104
|
32.879.25
|
|
3
|
1978
|
154
|
489,294.75
|
|
4
|
1979
|
157
|
694,117.13
|
|
5
|
1980
|
241
|
600.511.02
|
|
6
|
1981
|
238
|
42,722.50
|
|
7
|
1982
|
238
|
42,722.50
|
|
8
|
1983
|
173
|
48,351.30
|
|
9
|
1984
|
151
|
40,351.30
|
|
10
|
1985
|
187
|
11,876.60
|
|
11
|
1986
|
155
|
11,876.60
|
|
12
|
1987
|
129
|
31,866.00
|
|
13
|
1988
|
209
|
9,172.00
|
|
14
|
1989
|
195
|
7,628.161
|
|
15
|
1990
|
160
|
14,940.816
|
|
16
|
1991
|
201
|
106,827.98
|
|
17
|
1992
|
367
|
51,131.91
|
|
18
|
1993
|
428
|
9,752.22
|
|
19
|
1994
|
515
|
30,282.67
|
|
20
|
1995
|
417
|
63,677.17
|
|
21
|
1996
|
430
|
46,353.12
|
|
22
|
1997
|
339
|
59,272.30
|
|
23
|
1998
|
390
|
98,345.00
|
Source:
The department of petroleum resources
Major
oil spills heavily contaminate marine shorelines, causing severe localized
ecological damage to the near shore community. The harmful efforts of oil spill
on the environment are many. Oil destroys plant and animals in the estuarine
zone. It settles on beaches and kills organisms and marine animals like fishes,
crab and other crustaceans. Oil endangers fish hatcheries in the coastal waters
and as well contaminates the flesh of commercially valuable fish. Oil poisons
algae, disrupt major food chains and decrease the yield of edible crustaceans.
It also coast birds, impairing their flight or reducing the insulative property
of their feathers, thus making the birds more vulnerable to cold.
Oil
on water surface also interferes with gaseous interchange at the sea surface
and dissolved oxygen level will thereby be lowered. This will in no doubt
reduce the span of marine animals. Microorganisms also degrade petroleum
hydrocarbon after spillage (Atlas, 1981; Leavy and Colwell, 1990; Atlas and
Bartha 1992).
Crude
oil spill in Nigeria have destroyed large areas of the mangrove ecosystem. Oil
spill also destroyed farmlands, pollute ground and drinkable water and caused
drawbacks in fishing and other agricultural activities. There has been
conditions regional crisis in the Niger Delta area as a result of oil spill
pollution of the coastal ecosystem. The oil producing states are now calling
for control of oil resources in their respective states.
The
Idoho oil spill of 1998 pollutes coastal water from Akwa Ibom State in the east
to Lagos state in the west. Mobil producing unlimited commissioned a
verification exercise to determine the extent and impact of this oil spill.
During the verification exercise, it was observed that the spill destroyed
fishing nets, boats, fishing ponds and other agricultural crops. Ogoni and Oil.
The
Ogoni’s, whose population of 500,000 once made a living from farming and
fishing. For over 30 years, shell and chevron financed drilling on Ogoniland.
This has increasingly pushed the population into the forest and mangrove
swamps. Those who remained the townships and villages are subjected to
displacement and expropriation of their properties. The Ogoni’s have received
virtually none of the $30 billion from oil pumped out of their lands, and they
have been actively demonstrating against such injustices.
The
movement for the survival of Ogoni people (MOSOP) and other ogoni activist have
on several occasions called on the Nigerian federal government to regulate the
oil exploration, drilling and processing activities of shell and other oil
companies in the oil producing region of Nigeria. Ken Saro-Wiwa, along with
eight other MOSOP members, were arrested and charged with the murder of four
traditional chiefs belonging to a pro-government group in the region. The
murder occurred during a bloody clash in May 1994 between Ogoni activist and
federal government soldiers. On October 31, 1995, a federal military tribunal
sentenced them to death. On November 10, 1995 the Nigeria federal government
hanged Ken Saro-Wiwa and eight others, in Port Harcourt (TED case studies,
1997).
Available
data showed that at impendence in 1960, the contribution of agriculture to
Nigeria gross, domestic product (GDP) was about 60% which is typical for a
developing agrarian economy. This share, however, declined over time to 25.1%
between 1975 and 1979.
However,
in the early 1980s, it became more apparent that agricultural sector could no
longer perform is traditional role of meeting domestic food requirements,
supplying raw materials for industry and earning enough foreign exchange
through exports owing to various economic, social and environmental problems.
In this view, the federal and state governments have since 1970s directly
involved in various programmes and policies towards enhancing the performance
and overall contribution of agriculture to the country’s economy. Some of these
programmes and policies include:
OPERATION FEED THE NATION (OFN)
This
programme was initiated in 1976 by the Obsanjo regime and it lasted till 1976.
The primary objective of this programme as to increase the domestic production
and supply of food items and also sought to restore the responsibility of
farmers to the peasant communities in order to make the rural youths abstain
from migrating into urban areas in search of white-colla jobs. Other objectives
of the operation feed the nation (OFN) includes;
i. National
mobilization for self-reliance and self-sufficiency in food production.
ii. Encouraging
the citizenry to improve on their nutritional intakes in order to produce a
healthy nation.
iii. Encouraging
those sectors of the population such as schools, colleges, universities, armed
forces and so on, which usually depend on others for their food needs to engage
themselves in agriculture.
Table 2: comparison of values of export of
agricultural commodities and total export (1971-1989)
|
Year
|
Agricultural
exports (N million)
|
Total
export (N million)
|
Expressing
1 as % of 2
|
|
1971-1975
|
260.8
|
3,145.3
|
8.3
|
|
1976-1980
|
408.7
|
9,093.9
|
4.5
|
|
1981-1985
|
276.6
|
9,335.1
|
3.0
|
|
1986-1989
|
1,462.8q
|
32,111.1
|
4.6
|
iv. To inspire
Nigerians to recognize the centrality of agricultural and also see it’s as a
Nobel economic enterprise.
To
achieve the above objectives, the federal government in its 1976/77 budget
offered the following incentives:
i. A
five year tax holding for agricultural production and processing which use a
substantial portion of local plantation.
ii. Establishment
of an agricultural credit guarantee scheme to provide guarantee for
agricultural loans granted by commercial and merchant banks.
iii. Duty
force importation of raw materials for manufacture of livestock feeds.
iv. Subsidized
fertilizer scheme, and;
v. Subsidized
tractor hiring services.
Some
of the above incentives were incrementally expanded in subsequent budgeting
allocations under the Obasanjo regime. It is important to point out at this
juncture that the operation feed the national programme largely reflected the
wrong belief in government circles that the poor performance of the country’s
agricultural sector was as a result of low investment. For this reason, it
proceeded to sustain policies that literally “pumped” large amount of fund into
that sector in near total disregard of other important factors which would have
meaningfully enhanced agricultural development in the society. As was implied
earlier, the federal government’s misplaced policy emphasis largely led to the
adoption of liberal importation guidelines for capital and intermediate
agricultural goods.
Another
wrong policy approach at this time was that little was done to enhance
institutional and management arrangements for stimulating the agricultural
sector or for at least meeting its critical needs. Moreso, operational feed the
nation operated without much practical effort to involve the peasant farmers on
whom the nation has for long depended on for its primary agricultural products.
In addition, the distribution and service arm of the federal and state agencies
which were responsible for handling the critical agricultural inputs such as
fertilizers, insecticides and subsidized tractor hiring services left much to
be desired.
Another
related flaw in the operation feed the nation programme is of the government’s
liberalization of imports of tractors, agricultural machinery, and equipment’s
and spares parts; further worsen the country dependence on the external sources
for these items, and unfortunately for food and other related items. In
addition, the agricultural credit guarantee scheme provided opportunities for
some privileged Nigerians to raise loans which were largely directed to
non-agricultural activities such as commercial (import-export activities).
In
all, the operation feed the nation programme was a failure because it neither
succeeded in meeting its major objectives which ranged from manpower and
resource mobilization for agricultural development nor reduced Nigerian’s
excessive reliance on external source for its raw materials and food needs.
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
(ADPS)
The
agricultural development projects were established in various parts of the
country starting from 1976. The projects were established to stimulate the
agricultural sector through the development and provision of inputs delivery
system, low cost agricultural feeder roads, water supplies, soil conservation
works, effective extension services as well as providing credit marketing
services.
Like
the case of inadequate funding of the agricultural development programmes,
other significant aspects of poor performance are recorded. For instance,
although agricultural production within the projects are mainly for the purpose
of demonstration, table 3 shows that for such items as maize, rice, cowpea,
cassava, to mention but a few of most significant ones, sharply decline in
1990. Furthermore, a comparative look at the production level of the
agricultural development programmes for various farm items in the 1984-1990
periods was discouraging. Stated differently, there was an overall stagnation
of farms outputs in the project areas even when funding levels were slightly
improved.
Other
policies and programmes that have been carried out without success include;
River Basin development authority food (RBDAs); the green revolution, the
directorate of food, roads and rural infrastructure DFRRI; national acerbated
food production programme NAFPP, etc. unfortunately, like the earlier policies
and programme for agricultural development in Nigerian since the 1970s, the
policies and programmes have largely failed to meet primary objects
particularly in mobilizing the rural and farming population to increase
production for local use and for export. Worse still, some of the programmes
and policies did not make the expected impact in the society.
During
the 1995 federal government budget broadcast, the then head of state general
Sani Aacha state that “government will finance and provide enabling environment
for the survival of tree corps and tuber legumes, livestock and fisheries and
the exploitation of solid mineral deposit which abound throughout the country”.
The government achieved some of the stated objectives yet investment in
agricultural via agricultural productivity remains low. Also in the 1997
federal government budget, government pledged its assistance to the
agricultural sector. To this end, the family economic advancement programme was
launched which the government foresees will exploit the potentials of the rural
communities so as to improve their economic life through productive activities.
The
family economic advancement programmes and its policies seems to have towed the
same line with the previous there has not been any significant impact of the
family economic advancement programme in nearly all the states of the
federation especially the local government which the programme intends to make
use of stated differently, the argument is that huge public funds earned
largely from oil are being expanded on wrong agricultural programmes and
policies without any meaningful result. Thus the salvaging of the agricultural
sector and its productivity form its present state of total collapse has
prompted this research since the previous policies and programmes seem to have
failed.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
Given
the present state of agriculture in the Nigerian economy, the researcher has
the following objectives, they include;
i. Determining
the extent to which the production of oil in Nigeria has hampered agricultural
productivity.
ii. Assessing
the contribution of oil towards economic development of the Nigerian economy.
iii. Determining
or evaluating the adverse effect the dominance of oil in the economy to the
determine of the Nigerian economy.
iv. Offering
suggestions towards enacting appropriate policies that will improve
agricultural productivity and strike a balance between oil production and
agricultural productivity.
v. To
determine the relationship that exists between oil production and unemployment
of lower level workers.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The
study will lead to a better understanding of the impact of oil on agriculture
in Nigeria. This will enable us make objective judgment with respect to the
achievements and future prospect of oil and agriculture in Nigeria. Also,
appropriate polices will be made with regard to improving agricultural
productivity and striking a balance between agricultural production and oil
production. This will also broaden the scope of knowledge in this sector by
increasing the body of literature and also act as a springboard for further
research in the oil and agricultural sectors.
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
During
the 1950s and 60s, agricultural production was high and agriculture was the
earner of foreign exchange in Nigerian. But from 1965 to late 1990s, oil has
become the foreign exchange earners with its production rising higher and
higher while that of agriculture continues to decline. The research is
therefore directed towards finding out whether oil production in Nigeria has
any impact on agricultural productivity and other real variables of the
economy. In this view, the hypothesis stated below will be tested.
H01:
0= oil production has not hampered agricultural production in Nigeria.
H02:
oil production has hampered agricultural production in Nigeria.
H03:
oil production has not helped in economic development in Nigeria.
H04:
increase in oil production increases unemployment of lower level workers.
H05:
increase in oil production reduces unemployment of lower level workers.
1.6 RESEARCH METHOD
There
are two types of research method that are used in business or economic
research, they include: library research and field work. However, the one that
will be used in this work is library research.
1.61 LIBRARY RESEARCH
This
research methodology involves the consultation of published and unpolished
materials and books in libraries. This
method is chosen because the information and data needed for the research are
of secondary type.
The
materials/books required will be obtained from the libraries of the following:
i. Ministry of agriculture
ii. Federal office of statistics (FOS)
iii. Central bank of Nigeria (CBN)
iv. Nigerian national petroleum corporation
(NNPC)
v. Shell Petroleum Development Company of
Nigeria Ltd.
vi. University library and;
vii. Other related institutions.
1.6.2 SECONDARY DATA
Secondary
data are those data obtained from secondary hand information which do not
require any field work. The data for this research or the variables include;
Data
on agricultural productivity, data on crude oil production, data on gross
domestic product (GDP) and, data on registered unemployment of lower level
workers, all of Nigeria.
1.6.3 DATA ANALYSIS
Many
types of data analysis exist, thus we have; regression, analysis, chi-square,
moving average etc. but the type that will be applied for this research is the
regression analysis. The regression method of analysis is chosen because a
relationship is to be established in the process of the research especially the
relationship between oil production and agricultural production in Nigeria. The
chi-square and others are not a very good method of analysis for this research.
For instance, the chi-square is only used to for independence, that is the idea
that one variable is not affected by or related to another variable. It is not
a degree of relationship but a test of association. The regression method is
also chosen for easy interpretation of relationship.
1.6.4 DATA PRESENTATION
Many types of data presentation exist, like;
the use of table, histogram, bar chart graphs etc; but the type that will be
adopted for this research is: the use of tables.
1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The
research will cover the period between 1980-2003 though references will still
be made of period outside the range. The research is not limited to any
particular location in the country instated it will make an overview of the
Nigerian geographical region
Apart
from the normal financial constraints faced by any research and administrative
protocols inherent in the administrative system of our office, duration of the
study, accuracy of data collected, coupled with other academic works, this
research will be carried out to the best of my effort.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
The
following definitions of terms are given for the purpose of this research.
1.8.1 AGRICULTURE
Agriculture
can be seen as the science or practice cultivating land for the purpose of food
production for man, feeds or animals and the production of raw materials for
industrial uses.
1.8.2 CRUDE OIL
Crude
oil refers to the unrefined product (raw form) of petroleum from the bowel of
the earth crust. The term oil, crude oil, petroleum will be used
interchangeably in this work.
1.8.3 PETROLEUM
Petroleum
can be defined as a mixture of hydrocarbon oils obtained below the earth
surface and is the raw material around which a chain of commercial activities
known as the petroleum industry revolves.
1.8.4 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND
EXPLOITATION
Petroleum
exploration is the search for oil through geological, geochemical surveys and
seismic shooting. Exploitation is the process of drilling well to bring
petroleum, to the surface.
1.8.5 POLLUTION
The
introduction of any substance to any segment of the environment which has
deleterious effects such as harm to living resources, hazard to human health,
hindrance to marine activities including fishes, and reduction of amenities
etc, on the ecosystem is called pollution. The term contamination will be used
interchangeably with pollution.
1.8.6 OIL SPILLAGE
The
discharge or release of crude oil from oil producing areas and sources into an
environment knowingly or unknowingly is known as oil spillage.
1.8.7 POLICY
Policy
is the plant of action, statement of aims and ideals, especially one made by
government, political party, Business Company etc for the achievement of a set
of objectives.
1.8.8 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
(GDP)
The
gross domestic product measures the market value of final output of goods and
services produced on the domestic soil of a nation by both nationals and
non-nationals of that country.
1.8.9 PRODUCTIVITY
Productivity
as used in this work means increase efficiency and the rate at which good are
produced, thus we shall be talking of “Agriculture and Oil” productivity.
1.10 ORGANIZATION OF THE
RESEARCH/PROJECT
The
research work has been dividing into five chapters. In each chapter, different
but related topics to the research work will be discussed. The chapters
include;
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
This
chapter will contain the introduction to the study, background to the study
(historical overview), statement of the research problem, objective of the
study, significance of the study, research hypothesis, research method, scope
and limitation of the study and definition of terms that will frequently be
used in the research work.
CHAPTER TWO; LITERATURE REVIEW
This
chapter is concerned with the review of various literatures that is related to
the study.
CHAPTER THREE: METHOD OF THE
STUDY
This
chapter will contain the source of data and data collection, data analysis
technique model specification.
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS
This
chapter deal with the data analysis where the various data obtained for the
purpose of the research work will be analyzed to ascertain the true
relationship in each case.
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION
This
chapter will contain the summery of the entire work, its findings and final
conclusion.
AFFILIATE LINKS:
Comments
Post a Comment