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DESIGN
AND CONSTRUCTION OF A 12 VOLTS AUTOMATIC BATTERY CHARGER
ABSTRACT
A
battery charger is an electrical device employed for charging batteries.
This batteries that are usually charged by battery changer are the storage
battery charger are the storage batteries also known as “accumulator” the
battery changer changes. The alternating current form the power line into
d.c suitable for charging.
When the battery is fully changed, is up to it’s maximum, 12 volt, the charger
with automatically stop changing with the help of the contact relay, the
transistor and the zener diode when bend the current back to the system.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BATTERY CHARGE
A
battery charger is an electrical device employed in charging batteries that are
usually charged by battery charges are the storage batteries also known as
“accumulators”.
The charger is made up of various electrical and electronics component which
for the purpose of clanty are group into your basic unit they are:
The power supply units
The smoothing circuits
The regulating unit and
Regulated D.C charging units
Battery chargers comes in various designs and voltage. The choice of a
particular and of charger that depends largely int eh size of battery or
battery or batteries which on mterds to charge the mini battery changer could
be used to charge batteries whose voltage ranges from 6 – 12 volts. The
bigger battery changes are for batteries with voltage ranging from 12 – 48
volts. These are the heavy duty batteries.
The battery charge is builts in such a way that it delivers a constant value of
d.c current into the battery it is charging in the opposite direction from
which current flows on the batteries during discharge one cannot successfully
design a battery charge with out a fundamental understanding of the accumulator
because it also makes up the operation.
Thus chapter two aimed at a brief study of the accumulator (battery).
Chapter three deals with the power supply units which series as the backbone of
the battery charger and how the automatic cut off is achieved.
Chapter four fully analysis the operates of the battery charger and its casing
which chapter five while happen to be the last chapter aimed at concluding the
summarizing what has been achieved at the end of the project.
1.2
STORAGE BATTERY
A
battery is a group of electrical cells connected in series or series/parallel
produces electrical energy as a result of chemical energy stored on it.
Batteries are generally divided into
two groups these are the primary cells and secondary cell which are mostly
known as a storage batteries or accumulators.
Primary cell which are usually dry cell for example, touch batteries (the
lechanche dry all) the mercury cell etc. the cannot be re-charged ones
their chemical energy is fully utilized.
The secondary all or storage all can be re-charged ones their chemical energy
is fully utilized, hence we will discuss more on these kinds of cells (as they
are the ones that will be charged with a battery charger).
The storage cell are also known as accumulator. In these types of cells,
the chemical althon between the electrode and the electrolytes is trudy
reversible. A current (d.c) passed though it in opposition to its E.M.F
reforms the original material of the electrodes and the cell can therefore be
sued again and again. We shall consider two of the most common types of
storage cell.
The nickel – iron (Nike) accumulator, the asteve material in the positive
plates in nickel oxide (N12 03) and the negative plates
finally divided. The electrolyte is a solution of potassium hydroxide
(K0H) when H2 ions movest anode and S04 ions to the
cathode. At anode (Pb02) it combine with oxygen of (Pb02)
and H2 S04 attacks lead to forum pbS04.
THE LEAD ACID ACCUMULATOR
The
lead acid accumulator is one of the mostly widely used t ypes of storage cell.
The negative electrode is of lead and the positive electrode is of lead (iv)
oxide (pb02). The electrolyte is sulphur acid initially of
density. 1.21 the initial emf of the battery it about 2.1 volts. This
rapidly decrcoses to 2.0 volts at which figure it remains nearly constant until
the battery is almost discharge re-charging should be begin if the emf falls as
low as 1.8 volts.
Those substance of the cell which stake active part in chemical combination and
hence absords or produces electricity during charging or discharging are known
as active materials of the cell. The active materials of a lead acid cell
are.
1.
Lead peroxide (Pb02) for positive plate
2.
Spong lead (Pb) for negative plate
3.
Delute Sulphorine Acid (H2 S04) as electrolyte
Lead peroxide (pb02) is a
combination of lead and oxygen. Its dure chocolate brown in colour and
its quite hard but brittle substance. It is made up of one atom of lead
(pb) and two atoms of oxygen (02) and its chemical formular is Pb02:
As said earlier, it posses the positive action material of the
accumulator. The spong lead (pb) is a pure leads in soft sponge or porous
conduction, its chemical formualr is Pb and forms the negative alhra material.
The dilute sulphrine acid is approximately three parts water and one
parts suphurie acid the chemical formular of this is H2 S04.
The positive and negative plates are inversed in this solution known as
electrolyte. The current producers chemical changes in this
solution. Hence the lead acid cell depend. For its action of
the presence of two plates covered with Pb02 and Pb in solution of
dilute H2S04 of specific gravity of 1.21 or ne3ar about
as earlier stated. The basically means of discharging and the charging
process of the accumulator is known as chemical charger.
In the process of the accumulator is known as chemical charger. In the
process of dischargings of a battery. If the cell is fully charged, it s
positive plate or anode is Pb02 (dack chocolate brown0 and the
negative plate or cathode is pb (slate grey) when the cell discharges, the
scorda current through the extend lend, then H2 S04 is
dissociated into positive H2 and negative S04 ions.
As the current within the cell is flowing from cathode to anode in the process
of charging of a battery if the cell is recharged, then hydrogen ions (H2)
moves to cathode and S04 ions gas to anode and the following charges
would likely placed.
At cathode
Pb S04 + H2
Pb + H2 S04
At Anode
Pb S04 + S04 + 2H20
Pb02 + 2H2 S04
General, it will be
noted that during discharging the following are absorbed:
i.
Both anode and cathode becomes pb S04 which is whitish in colour
ii.
The specific gravity and acid is discharged due to the formation of water
iii.
The voltage of the cell decrease
iv.
The cells given out energy
METHOD OF CHARGING
These are basically four method of charging batteries. They are
includes:
a.
Constant voltage
b.
Constant current
c.
Ride charging and
d.
Floating charging
But for the purpose
of celerity and simplification of works and increase of theirs project it is
the constant voltage method that we are going to discuss furt6her. This
method has been employed while testing and constructing the charger.
CONSTANT – VOLTAGE METHOD
In
the method of charging the voltage is maintained at a value which is
slightly in excess of the end of fully charged battery, act the beginning of
the charging period the current is charged.
During the charging process the current fails as the emf of the cell rises to
approach the charging voltage when the battery is fully charged it up to its
maximum 12 volts, the charger will automatically stop charging with the help of
the contact relay, the transistor and the zener dioxide which send the current
back to the system.
Then at this moment
The charging current is usually determined from the formular
IC
= V – E
r
Where
IC = Charging current
V = Output voltage
E = E.M.F of the battery
(at full charged)
r = Internal
resistance of the battery
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