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RURAL
MANAGEMENT AS A STRATEGY FOR REDUCING RURAL – URBAN MIGRATION IN NIGERIA
(A
CASE STUDY OF ISHIELY LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF EBONYI STATE)
ABSTRACT
Rural resources have
a lot of potential which needed to be brought into full production as to uplift
the values. These values can only be achieved when other resources like times,
money, infrastructure, expertise an d the like are applied. The high demand of
products is expected to propel the application of the said resources into
maximum production which in turn increase the value of rural environment,
confirming value to be a function of profit.
Unfortunately,
government policies and programmes in the year past failed to reflect the need
for balance rural and urban development. Thus, most development polices and
programmes are urban – oriented. As a result rural dwellers have been subjected
to poverty, unemployment, poor infrastructure, economic and social defects.
Incidentally, rural dweller a stick to migration.
Therefore, this study
on Rural Development. As a strategy, for reducing Rural – Urban Migrations in
Nigeria, a case study of Ishiehi Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, seek to
identify rural development programmes/projects extent of rural urban migration
and factors responsible for rural urban migration in the study area.
From the findings
based on the analysed data, integrated Rural Development Strategy has been
pin-pointed and recommended as a feasible and viable measure toward minimizing
the rate of rural – urban migration in Nigeria at large and Ishielu in
particular.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
Introduction
1.1 Statement of the
Problem
1.2 Aims and
Objectives of the Study
1.3 Background and
Need for the Study
1.4 Research Question
1.5 Research
Hypothesis
1.6 Scope and
Limitation of the Study
1.6.1 Delimitation Scope
1.6.2 Limitation
1.7 Significance of the Study
1.8 Theoretical Foundation of the Study
1.8.1
Economics Growth Model and Rural Development Dual Economic Model.
1.8.2
Diffusion Model of Rural Development
1.8.3
Basic Resource Theory.
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0
Literature Review
2.1 Meaning of
Development
2.2 Rural Area and
Rural Development
2.3 Classification of
Rural Development Programme
2.3.1 Local (Community Programmes)
2.3.2 Government Programmes
2.4 Strategy
2.4.1 Rural Development Strategies
2.4.2 The Basic Weeds Approach
2.4.3 The Infrastructural Approach
2.4.4 The Minimum package or
Sub-Sectorial Approach
2.4.5 The New Technology Approach
2.4.6 The Functional or Sectorial
Programme Approach
2.4.7 The Industrialization Approach
2.4.8 The Community Approach
2.4.9 The Integrated Approach
2.5
General Concept of Integrated Rural Development in Nigeria
2.6
Urban Growth and Migration
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0
Research Designs and Methodology
3.1
Re-Statement of the Problem
3.2
Design and Methodology of the Study
3.3
Sampling Technique and Procedure Employed
3.4
Description of the Study Area
3.5
Method of Data Collection
3.5.1 Primary data Collection
3.5.2 Secondary Data Collection
3.6
Description of Data Collection
3.7
Description of Statistics for Analysing Data
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0
Data Presentation and Analysis
4.1
Personal Characteristics of the Respondents
4.2
Identification of Rural Development Programmes in the study Area.
4.3
Reasons or factors Responsible for Rural Urban Migration
4.4
Extent of Rural – Urban Migration in the Study Area
4.5
Testing of Hypothesis
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0
Findings, Recommendations and Conclusion
5.1
Findings
5.2
Recommendation
5.2.1
Strategy’s Institutional Framework
5.2.2
Programmes Under the Strategy
5.2.3 Policies, Principles and
Philosophy in the Strategy
5.2.4 Funding the Strategy
5.2.5 Suggestion for further study
5.3
Conclusion
References
CHAPTER ONE
Nigeria, a country in
West African sub-region is blessed with abundant natural and material
resources. With an estimated current population of over nine hundred and twenty
four thousand (924, 000) square kilometers, Nigeria is easily the most populous
in African and one of the largest in terms of geographical area. About seventy
percent of the population depend on agricultural activities for their
livelihood and live in rural communities.
Currently, over forty
million out of the total population of over one hundred million people live in
urban area. Therefore, the rural area within the geographic entity of the
country is whereby majority of the population is found.
Some of the
government officials fear of the belief held that urban areas constitute the
development potential of the state, the rural areas, have been neglected in terms
of development opportunities.
Following the
moribund attitudes that existed in the rural areas the rural dwellers are
attracted to the urban areas to benefits from better paying jobs qualitative
supply of basic amenities, highs level of commercial, recreational and
industrial activities. Arising from the rapid. Urban population growth and
physical expansion are very serious physical planning problem such as poor
physical layout like Ajegunle, Gwagwa,, Abakpa in Lagos, Abuja, Abakalike and
Enugu respectively. Also in the list include mass transit problem inadequate
supply of housing, water and other basic social services.
Hence, it is expected
that various governments policy maker rural dwellers, planning team and the
general public should involve in harnessing the capture and build in preference
of the rural dwellers at anytime.
1.1 STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM
Generally in
Nigerian, there have been uneven development and glaring inequality of
opportunities between the rural and urban area. In spite of the fact that the
majority of Nigerian are rural dwellers rural areas still have little or no
opportunities for education and employment. No doubt rural areas in Nigeria are
characterized by poverty, malnutrition, poor communication, illiteracy
unproductive agriculture with the use of traditional implement, general low per
capital income. Also includes lack of health facilities, public electricity,
borne whole water and motorable roads which hinder them from evacuating foods
and industrial raw materials.
Rural development
proper should module all and sundry, unfortunately lack of sufficient fund for
progamme execution, high cost of building materials and labour, failure to
incorporate people affected in planning and in more serious note, the rural
dwellers level of understanding is too low that instead of attracting
government attention by initiating a project, they expect the government to do
every thing for them which is impossible. All these factors problems act as a
push against the rural dwellers in the study area to the urban areas, where
they can enjoy social amenities and infrastructure such as water supply,
electricity, health facilities, tarred roads, and abundant job opportunities.
At the end of this study, we shall know how the rural development can be
effective means (strategy) for reducing rural – urban migration in Nigerian
generally and Ishielu Local Government Area of Ebonyi State particular. The
preceding sentence, therefore, form the focus of this research.
1.2 AIMS OF
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Maris system of life
is dynamic coupled with his insatiable nature which demands better food,
shelter and clothes. These are usually achieved through verity of good jobs
efficient use of human and natural resources.
The extensive area of
land in the rural area can be put to various industrial and agricultural
activities, thereby improving the lots of rural dwellers and urban dweller
alike Agriculture provide us with food, medicine, firewood, timber and other
raw material to the industries as well as employment and foreign exchange.
Unfortunately the rural dwellers and farmers which constitute the largest
population in the rural areas have not been properly taken care as regards
development and as a result the rural dwellers rush to the urban areas to find
alternative jobs and social amenities that abound in the urban areas.
This study therefore,
is aimed at carrying out a research as follows
(i)
To identify rural development programmes /projects available in the study area.
(ii)
To identity reasons/factors responsible for rural – urban migration.
(iii)
To examine the extent of rural urban – migration.
(iv)
To suggest and make feasible recommendation on reducing migration in the
study area.
1.3 BACKGROUND AND
NEED FOR THE STUDY
The advent of
civilization brought about urbanization or urban settlement. Civilization is
the climax of man’s inventions as a means of raising his standard of living.
Man believes in hedonism and indeed obtain much pleasure in the company of
other fellow men. No doubt, this is why if one had to give one word the raison
d’etre for a city it would surely be “communicated”. People come together in
cities to be able to communicate person to person, person to firm person to
government.
In the pre-history of
urban evolution when technology was large and archaic, people had to search for
fertile lands for abundant for harvest. These fertile land occurred in
Abakaliki division now in Ebonyi State. Settlements in these areas were
promoted as a result of fertile land. The oldest organized settlement known
today as the cradle of civilization such as settlement at alluvial plains of
Rive Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, Indus and Yangtze – kiang were equally as a
result of fertile land.
The discovering of
limestone and the establishment of Cement Company at Nkalagu in Ishielu Local
Government Area in 1957 attracted many investors and offered employment to the
people. During this era there were considerable notice of immigrants in Nkalagu
and its neighbouring communities. As a result of failure of the cement company
to produce satellite town thereby extending its social amenities to the
surrounding communities, the dwellers in the said communities like Nkalagu,
Amazu, Umuahuli, Nkalaha, Obeagu started rushing to the urban areas in middle
seventies. It is at this period that rural urban – migration gathered much
momentum in the study area.
Generally, cities or
urban areas apart from fertility of land discussed already started growing as a
result of goods site for defence like Ibandan, mineral deposit such as in Enugu
for Coal and Port Harcourt for crude oil, other include religious activities
like Elele in Nigeria Jerusalem and Mecca. More recently, political tranquility
influence of royal courts, holiday attraction and be antiful sceneries as well
as economic activities, coastal orientation mineral deposit and traffic
junction are the prevailing factors for the growing of cities. The level of
standard of living which most of the cities or urban areas provide compel rural
dwellers to more to urban areas and settle. It is in the light of rapid growth
of urban over rural communities that form the bedrock of this study.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
The following
research questions were formulated to guide the study.
(i)
What kind of rural development programmes/projects are being / have been
executed in your rural area?
(ii)
Does lack of integrated rural development responsible for rural – urban
migration in your area or not?
(iii)
In what way(s) have the absence of integrated rural development affected the
standard of living in your rural area?
(iv)
In your own opinion what are the factors militating against rural development
in your area?
1.5
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
HO
Lack of integrated Rural Development is not responsible for Rural – Urban
migration.
Hi
Lack of integrated Rural Development is responsible for Rural Urban Migration.
1.6
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
1.6.1
SCOPE
This study
concentrates more on the rural development as a strategy for reducing rural –
urban migration in Nigeria with a particular reference to Ishielu Local
Government Area of Ebonyi state.
Ishielu local
government area with Ezillo as its headquarters has a total population of one
hundred and twenty eight thousand seven hundred and twenty persons according to
the result of 1991 population census (see table I). The communities that form
the local government area are as follows Agba, Amazu, Azumyaba, Ezillo, Ezzagu,
Iyonu, Nkalagu, Nkalaha, other are Nkezi, Obeagu, Ohafia, Okpoto and Umunuali.
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF
THE STUDY
This research is an
attempt to highlight the various development imbalance existing in the rural
and urban areas which resulted rural urban migration. The rapid acceleration of
the urban areas as a matter of urgency need to be redressed through the
propagation of well articulated rural development programmes or strategies.
Therefore, the problem is on how to inculcate adequate planning development in
rural areas to fit the overgrowing migratory demand without sacrificing any of
the migrants motives and objectives.
Rural dwellers seen
to be most beneficiary, government and the general public will also in one way
or the other be benefited, if my suggestions and recommendation are adhered to.
1.8 THEORETICAL
FOUNDATION OF THE STUDY
1.8.1 ECONOMIC GROWTH MODEL AND RURAL
DEVELOPMENT DUAL ECONOMY MODEL
The dual economy
model classifies the economy of less development countries in two. The modern
sector and the subsistence section. These are also referred to as
the urban and rural sector respectively (Olayide et al 1981). According to the
model the modern (urban) sector is both capital and technological intensive
which the subsistence (rural) sector is less capital intensive. The model
believes that while the urban sector is market orientated, the rural sector
produces for family consumption and relies on non-purchased inputs like labour
and -----. The model accuses the rural sector of lack of savings and capital
formation.
The problems with
this model is that its adoption as a development strategy will lead to outflow
of resources from rural to the urban area. there will be a rural neglect which
creates a gap in earning. Also there will be migration to cities and
consequently unemployment and increased demand for urban social services like
water, electricity and so on. Moreover thee is no economy where the rural
sector is characterized by absence of saving and capital formation, rather savings
are small. It assign a restrictive role to agriculture as a mean of providing
cheap foods and raw materials for industrialization. That is the rural urban
migration as a result of lack of saving and capital formatting in the rural
areas.
The congestion in the
urban areas, unemployment and social are the out come of rural – urban
migration which is brought about by the neglect of rural development. The
government should realise that for a balance economic growth and development,
the rural area have to be developed along side the urban areas.
This models attempts
to explain the existence of substantial productivity difference among farmers
in the same economics and geographic region. The model attributes the
difference in production to difference in the adoption of new varieties of
seeds mechanical and chemical inputs, by farmers (Olayide et al 1981)
This model of great
relevance to rural development in the less developed countries like Nigeria. It
introduces the idea of agricultural extension services, experimental stations
and demonstration farms / farm settlements.
The model of some
relevance in the development of the study area. the idea of farms settlement
and demonstration farm have been experimented upon in Ezillo community the
headquarters of the study area.
The problem
associated with this model is that the same people are not willing to adopt
modern method of farming and organization. They are skeptical about the use of
fertilizer and insecticides due to ignorance in farming, there is the need to educate
the farmer on the use and profitability of the new techniques. The works
successfully where the farming population is educated and enlightened.
1.8.3 BASIC RESOURCE THEORY
This theory state
that economic growth and development depends on the availability of natural
resource in a region. This model holds that the development of these resources
attract investment capital to these areas and bring about increase in income
and employment. One of the limitation of the theory is that mere availability of
basic resources are not enough for economic growth to occur in a region. There
has to be appropriate technology and expertise to exploit these resources.
The relevance of this
model in the study area n that the government should realised the need for education
and man power training for a self – reliance and economic development. The
dependence of imported machinery and equipment as well as the personnel to
operate these equipment does not make for a self – reliance. This goes to show
why in spite of abundant natural resources in the study area hunger and disease
have continued to threaten the survival of the rural population. The
prices of locally produced goods have remained higher than their imported
counterparts.
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