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AN EVALUATION OF
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
This project focuses
on environmental degradation and the need for corporate organization to fulfill
their social responsibilities. Using the system theory, the interdependence
among the environment, organization and sustainable development was examined. The
system theory was modified t emphasize the need for corporate firms to forsee
potential environmental consequences of a given activity, process or product
from the planning stage with a view to ensuring the implementation of adequate
and timely response strategies. Some prevalent environmental problems in
Nigeria were also examined. Environmental audit was discussed to enable
organizations assess the impact of their activities on the environment.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Certification
Declaration
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of contents
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE:
Introduction
1.1
Statement of problem
1.2
The objectives of the study
1.3
Research Hypothesis
1.4
Scope of the study
1.5
Significance of the study
1.6
Limitation of the study
1.7
Definition of terms
References
CHAPTER TWO:
Literature Review
References
CHAPTER THREE
3.1
Methodology
3.2
Research Design
3.3
Population of study
3.4
Sampling technique
3.5
Instrument for data collection
3.6
Method of data analysis
3.7
Validity of research instrument
References
CHAPTER FOUR:
Data Presentation and
Analysis
Test of hypothesis
CHAPTER FIVE:
Summary, Findings, Recommendations and Conclusion
5.1
Summary
5.2
Findings
5.3
Conclusion
5.4
Recommendations
Bibliography
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
As a result of the
quest of industrialization and sustainable development in Nigeria and the attendant
improvement in the quality of life of the populace has taken its toll on the
environment (Aina, 1998).
There is widespread
interest in the way in which companies conduct themselves, including the
environmental and social impact of their activities. Companies and those who
govern their affairs do not operate in a value-free zone and their activities
are and should be open to evaluation and criticism. CAMAC’s report on the
social responsibility of corporations, is aimed at providing a pathway through
the mass of material and opinions on the subject as well as respond to
questions raised in the terms of reference from the government.
While largely focused
on the conduct of business corporations, the report notes that issues of social
responsibility also arise for other entities, including public sector,
non-profit and unincorporated bodies. Companies operate in a shifting market
place of legal requirements, consumer preferences, employee views, investor
sentiments, community attitude and other pressures where social and
environmental issues arises in relation to a companies business, they need to
be managed, as do other issues that may infringe on business success or
failure.
According to COMAC’s
(Richard St. John), …….. Companies should be judged on the way they conduct
themselves in the context of pursuing their business aims and their overall
economic and other contribution and impacts. This includes the way they deal
with environmental or social issues that relate to their business. They should not
be expected to direct their efforts to social ends regardless of the relevance
of those ends to their own business. Therefore the report suggests that a
company will be socially responsible if it operates in an open and accountable
manner, uses its resources for productive ends, complies with relevant
regulatory requirement and acknowledges and takes responsibility for the
consequences of its action.
The effect of
different industrial sector activity on the environment vary enormously but its
an incontrorotible statement that damage is being done to the environment
world-wide.
Environmental
concerns rarely terms an integral part of development plans, particularly in
Third World Countries like Nigeria. The realization that sustainable
development can only be achieved through an interdependence between economic
growth and environmental quality has compelled some governments to now regard
the environment as a valued and an integral part of economic growth.
Subsequently, environmental problems are now at the forefront of international
and domestic as well as local government’s agenda.
However,
environmental policies are rarely enforced in some Third World Countries. The
inability of government to implement a stringent environmental regulation is
compounded by the fact that the goal of most corporate organizations are purely
economic. The attention is devoted to their social responsibilities.
The environment is
being endangered because economic policy stresses increase in production, but
neglects to account for the depletion of natural resources and damage to the
environment. The continued damage to the tangible natural environment and
health of the exploitation of crude oil and natural gas.
These activities have
led to numerous spillages, gas flaring, pollution, flooding, coastal erosion,
earth tremors, etc. all of which constitute a threat to the people survival.
The result has been a rapid decline in the quality of life of the people, many
of them forced out of their traditional occupation of farming, fishing and the
production of palm oil and kernels. There is need for organizations and
government to reorganize “defensive expenditure” to protect or restore the
environment and “user cost” for the depletion and the degradation of natural
resources as part of their production cost.
Companies should be
committed to minimizing the impact of its operations on the environment and
they should have programs updated annually that will help bring about
measurable development.
1.1
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The first attempt of
this work will be to discuss the interdependence among the environment,
organization and sustainable development, nature of some environmental
degradation in Nigeria, corporate social responsibility, environmental audit
and corporate environmental management strategies.
The problems that
this study intends to address are as follows:
i.)
What are legal or standards available with regards to accounting for the use of
resources from the environment.
ii.)
What programs are in place to reverse the degradation that has occurred and how
they are funded.
iii.)
To examine environmental issue as it relates to companies or firms and
corporate users as it relates to the environment.
iv.)
What are the effects of companies on the host environment.
1.2
THE OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The increase in
agitation for more compensation and participation in companies operation by
host communities is as a result of neglect of developmental program for the
communities in their area of operations.
The objective of this
study, is simply to find out the effects of companies operations on their host
communities or environment, the extent to which they account for the resources
they are exploring from the environment and the programs they have in place to
tackle the environmental and socio-economic problems of the region of their
operations for development that is environmentally sustainable.
The objectives of
this research is to;
i.)
To ascertain the policies put in place by organizations for the development of
the environment.
ii.)
Examine the extent to which firms or organizations are aware of these policies
and the effect of these policies on corporate performance.
iii.)
To measure the social responsibility of corporate bodies.
1.3
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Hypothesis I
Ho:
There
are no fully funded programmes put in place to reverse the degradation that has
occurred in the country (environment).
H1:
There are fully funded programmes put in place to reverse the degradation that
has occurred in the country (environment).
Hypothesis II
Ho:
There
are no legal implications or standards available with regards to accounting for
the use of resources from the environment.
H1:
There are legal implications or standards available with regards to accounting
for the use of resources from the environment.
Hypothesis III
Ho:
The
host communities do not know their right as regards to companies operating in
the environment.
H1:
The host communities know their right as regards to companies operating in the
environment.
1.4
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The area of focus of
this study will be restricted to the Nigerian Petroleum Development Company
(NPDC) limited and its area of operations. The study will focus on the effect
of companies operations on the environment, the depletion and degradation of
natural resources ad the responsibilities of companies in restoring the
environment from the side effects of its operations and the provision of
developmental projects for the host communities and the society at large.
1.5
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The three trends
related to globalization are during the rise of “Corporate Social
Responsibility”, the rising protest movement against economic globalization,
the “war on terrorism” that began on September 11 and recent corporate
scandals.
The issue of
corporate social responsibility is a complex one for any industry, and
environmental accounting is a new concept in accounting. This companies have
failed to recognize the effects of production and consumption activities on the
environment as part of their cost of production. As a result of this form of
accounting for the use of resources, the conventional accounting method has led
to companies preventing misleading financial statements.
The recent
development of community clashes with companies operating in their host
communities is as a result of the non recognition of their negative side
effects of their operations on the environment and the need for sustainable
development of the host community and the society at large. Industrialist
believe that a systematic integration of corporate social responsibility into
their business practices can make a positive impact on their economic, social, environmental
performance.
There is need for
adequate procedure for evaluation and recognition of environment effects in the
determination of the company cost of operations. This study will therefore
provide some enlightenment to companies of the need to have a proper procedure
for evaluation and recognition of environment effects for sustainable
development of the environment and for sustainable performance of the company.
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