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AN
EXAMINATION OF CAREER CHOICE AMONG VOCATIONAL AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION STUDENTS
IN NIGERIA: A CASE STUDY OF COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, EKIADOLOR, BENIN CITY, EDO
STATE
ABSTRACT
This research work is carried out
with the aim to examine the career choice amongst vocational and technical
education students in Nigeria using College of Education, Ekiadolor as a case
study. The purpose of this research is to find out the reasons behind the
career choice of students, their motivation or the influence that brings about
their driving force towards a particular vocation amongst others. This work is
presented in five chapter, chapter one which is the introductory part is made
up of the background of the study, the statement of problem, significance of
study and scope of study. Chapter two contains the literature review, which is
the theoretical framework that is discussed under such headings as: attitude of
students, availability and accessibility of facilities/equipment, programme
experience and training influence. Chapter three is research methodology which
deals with the sources through which data where gathered for the research work.
The data collected were presented and analyzed in chapter four. Chapter five
finally contains the summary of findings, conclusion and recommendation.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter One
Introduction
Background to the study
Statement of the problem
Significance of the study
Scope of the study
Chapter
Two
Review of related literature
Attitude of students/personality
Training influence
Availability of facilities
Environment
Programme experience and its
influence
Opportunities
Chapter Three
Research methodology
Sample of the study
Sample and sampling of students
Sample technique
Research instrument
Administration of instrument
Method of analysis
Chapter
Four
Presentation and analysis of data
Chapter Five
Discussion of the findings
Recommendation
Conclusion
Areas for further research
References
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND
TO THE STUDY
Those
days, when few people for various reasons could go to schools, and jobs were
waiting for individual to qualify and take, there was little need for planning
either in terms of what courses to take or in terms of what type of job to do
in future as occupation. Today, the old education system order has changed, due
to changes in society. The present day society is too complete and changes at a
much faster rate than it was in the past.
The
choice of career demands that alternatives should be clear and the important
aspect should be taken into consideration in order for the decision process to
be easier. The history of applied psychology has its roots in the rise of
empirical science and the increase influence of a commercial industries social
classes, beginning in the last 18th century. This development led to
the need for a mere democratically based school system of train qualified
workers for the ever burgeoning industrial complex. Indeed, the demand for
workers in Nigeria was done among those that have the skills and the need for
personnel to help channel these prospective workers into increasing complex
jobs.
The two
significant events which occurs in the 20th century marked the
expansion of vocational and technical guidance by the Boston Chamber of commerce
and subsequent formation in (1913) of the national vocational guidance
association (Whitely, 1984), this marked the beginning of vocational moment in
Nigeria. However, vocational guidance counselling started in Nigeria as far
back as 1961, with the inauguration of the Ibadan careers council, which
later formal the nuclear of what is known as the Nigeria careers councils.
There was a general opinion among career counseling that our youngsters need
constant guidance in the choice of occupation for which they have no attitude
but interest, such student are likely to end up as failure and career
frustration.
Thus, we
have to live in ambiguity, uncertainty and value confusion. In other words, the
traditional road or signals of danger are all inadequate today. That fact that
personal conflicts or some other external obstacles do constitute to these
goals, how we handle these obstacles that they do not develop into problems,
requires experience. The fact that a guidance scheme can give problem, the
ability to make appropriate choice and decision are increase to the later
satisfaction and happiness of the individual. It is noticeable that many
students have gone through the years of school system without knowing and
choosing the appropriate subjects that can lead them into the professional
jobs. Further studies and any career wish to purse.
The
question now is, how we can solve these problems which are affecting our
students in their choice of subject leads to the world of work in the society
and nation that will lead to building the personality of the individual.
The
background study of College of Education, Ekiadolor-Benin as well as the school
of vocational and technical department is an education that prepares trainees
for jobs at various levels from a craft or trade to a professional position in
engineering, accounting, nursing, medicine and other health practitioners,
pharmacy etc. craft vocation are usually based on manual or practical
activities, traditionally non-academic and totally related to a specific trade,
occupation or vocation. Its sometimes referred to as technical education as the
trainee directly develops expertise in a particular group of techniques.
Vocational
and technical education may be classified as teaching procedure knowledge. This
can be contrasted with declarative knowledge as used in education in a usually
broader scientific field, which might concentrate on theory and abotract
conceptual knowledge, characteristic of tertiary education. Vocational and
technical education can be at the secondary, post-secondary level, further
education level and can interact with the apprenticeship system. Vocational and
technical education can be recognized in terms of recognition of prior learning
and partial academic credit towards tertiary education. It is rarely considered
in its own form to fall under the traditional definition of higher education.
Vocational and technical education is related to the age-old apprenticeship
system of learning. College of education apprenticeships are designed for many
levels of work from manual trade to high knowledge work. However, as the labor
market becomes more specialized and economic demand higher level of skill,
government and business are increasingly investing in the future of vocational
through publicly funded training organizations and subsidized apprenticeship or
traineeship initiatives of business. At the post-secondary level vocational
education is typically provided by an institute of technical or by a local
community college.
Vocational education has diversified over the 20th century and new
exist in industries such as retail, tourism, information technology, funeral
service and cosmetic, as well as in the traditional craft and college
industries.
The
national centre for vocational education research or “NCVER” is a non-profit
company owned by the federal state and territory ministries responsible for
training. It is responsible for collecting, managing, analyzing, evaluating and
communicating research and statistics about vocational education and training
(VET).
Towards
the end of the 13 years military rule in the country, the Bendel State
Government of Nigeria conceived the idea of establishing new advanced teachers
college to increase the existing rate of teacher supply. October, 1979 ushered
in a new civilian administration whose programmes included free education at
all levels. So as a means of effectively carrying out its promises to the
people of Bendel State, the new administration immediately decided to establish
not one but two advanced teachers college in the state.
These
institutions were officially opened on 5th May, 1980 by his
Excellency, Professor Ambrose Alli, the executive governor of the Bendel State.
it was on this occasion that the original name of this college was officially
changed from advanced teachers college of education. It was also on the same
occasion that the governor announced his administrations intention to open a
total of four college of education, one in each senatorial district in the
state. The college took off with a student population of 1850 and a senior
(acad. & admin) staff complement of 39 with Rev. T. E. Uwaifo as the first
Provost. The staffs were mainly deployed from the ministry of education and the
unified teaching service in the state. In the areas where the institution
lacked staff part-time lecturers were engaged. The college is rapidly
developing and today the staffing position has improved tremendously. There are
23 senior administrative staff, 119 academic staff and the college has a
governing council made up of men of probity and proven integrity in the
society. As a policy making body, the council has contributed immensely to the
growth and development of the institution.
Although
the college started rather in a haste, with an executive council resolution
establishing it, the college authorities had however, been guided by edict No.
11 of 1971 otherwise known as Abraka College of Education edict, 1966 with
modifications where appropriate. The college operates a course unit system
under the guidance of the institute of education of the university of Benin. In
august, 1981 official approval for affiliation was given in writing by the
university of Benin to the College for the award of NCE Certificates.
The
College has made remarkable progress in the achievement of its cardinal
objective of educating NCE teacher for the state. The college has recently
matriculated its third batch of student bringing the overall student population
of the college to about 4, 000. These students are offered courses in some
seventeen subject areas offered in twenty three alternative combinations. In
addition, the curriculum has been structured to allow the student to spend a
large proportion of their second year serving in the state secondary schools as
trainee teachers. They return towards the end of this second year to
participate in a post teaching practice course which services to orientate back
into the academic programme of the third year.
In order
to increase the numbers of science teachers in the state it was decided to
start a pre-science programme. The aim of this programme was to assist those
inclined towards science to get the required qualifications for full entry in
the NCE science courses. Another innovation brought about in 1980 was the
introduction of a pre-French course for those whose knowledge of spoken French
was limited. It is expected that both of these “pre” courses will stimulate the
production of teachers in these shortage areas. Now that the college has its
full complement of students it is felt that most of the initial organizational
problems have been overcome and that we can now turn our attentions to
improving the facilities for both staff and students.
1.2
STATEMENT
OF PROBLEM
1.
To find
out whether they make the choice after a proper consideration of their
attitudes and interest.
2.
Are the
student aware of what career they are going into and the possible choice of
such careers that are open to them and their implications.
3.
Whether
they are influenced by friends, parents, teacher, social status, prestige,
socio-economic background.
4.
Whether a
student ability in a particular subject affect his choice of career.
5.
Are the schools
giving the children a proper or adequate guidance and counselling serve for
their choice of career.
1.3
SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
The study
is aimed at eradicating the problem of choice of career amongst students in the
society. It would also give student a good direction throughout their years of
study. The right choice of students to discover on time whether the subject
they have chose and if they would be able to do them, can meet their
aspirations. Also the study will give education a good understanding of the
student problem and it will enable them to help the student make the right
choice of career in which they have the attitude and ability. This will enable
them to readjust and cope with the requirement for such career.
This
study will go a long way on making our policy recognize the need for our
student in the society. Implementation of the recommendation which will be
derived from the study, will enable students to develop some skills early
enough through vocational and technical training, to enable them contribute to
economy development. As specialization is critical high productivity, the
nation would also benefit very much the right careers because there would be
increase in productivity. Thus, the national manpower need would be satisfied.
1.4
SCOPE OF
STUDY
The scope
of this study is to find out the career aspiration of the selected students in
College of Education Ekiadolor-Benin. The study will also determine the
examination of career choice.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
The following words were used during the course of this study.
Career: The
progress and actions taken by a person throughout a lifetime, especially those
related to that persons occupation. A career is often composed of the jobs
held, titles earned and work accomplished over a long period of time, rather
than just referring to one position. According to dictionary definition.
Occupation: It is
the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money or is a
profession. According to dictionary.
Readjust: To get
use to something again or in a new way, or to change in response to new
conditions. According to dictionary.
Specialization: To
become an expert on a particular area of work study. According to dictionary.
Technical:
Connected with the practical use of machinery methods etc. According to
dictionary.
Vocational: (of
education or training) directed at a particular occupation and it skills.
According to dictionary.
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