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ANALYSIS
OF CRUDE PALM OIL
ABSTRACT
This project was
carried out to ascertain whether the local palm oil met the required
standard. The analytical test carried out include the free fatty acid
test the acid value, iodine value moisture, content, saponfication value,
peroxide value, specific gravity, colour and viscosity.
The specific gravity
of the oil sample was determined by comparing its weight when filled with the
sample and that of water, while its moisture content was analyzed by oven
drying the sample for a particular period time. Titration process was
used in the analysis of the saponification value, acid, free fatty aid test,
iodine value acid the peroxide value. The procedure were the same except
different indicator that was used for some test e.g starch solution was for
peroxide and iodine value while acid/ free fatty acid and saponification test
uses phenolphthalein as their titration process. The viscosity was also
determined by allowing the oil sample to flow down at a particular time in the
upper section of a viscometer, while its colour was analysis using the titanium
plate disc of the colourineter to material it.
Form the test
analysis, the result show that the palm oil sample under consideration has a
value of specific gravity-0.915g, moisture content-1.729%, saponification
value-196.35mg, acid-4769%, free fatty acid-23.97%,iondine value-49.17mg,
peroxide value-26mg, colour-1125tianium disc and ciscosity-165.7 centipoises.
However, the obtained
result shows hat the oil sample meets the required standard but only needed a
little purification process on the moisture content as compared with the
international requirement.
TABLE
OF CONTENT
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0
INTORDUCTION
1.1
Objectives/Scope of Study
CHAPTER
TWO
LITERATURE
SURVEY
2.1
Historical Background
2.2
Composition of Crude Palm Oil
2.3
Production of Crude Palm Oil
2.3.1 Local Method of
Production Pf Palm Oil
2.3.2 Industrial
Method of Production Of palm Oil
2.3.3
Summary of Unit Operations
2.3.4
The General Flow Diagram
2.4
Characterizing/ Properties of Crude Palm Oil
2.5
Redlining Of Crude Palm Oil Physical & Chemical Refining
2.5.1
Physical Refinery Process Description:
2.5.2 Chemical
Refining Process
2.6
Uses of Crude Palm Oil
2.7
General Characteristic of Crude Palm Oil
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0
EXPERIMENTIAL ANALYSIS
EXPERIMENT 1
Determination Of Specific Gravity of
Crude Palm Oil Sample
Determination
For Moisture And Other Volatile Matter Present In The Crude Palm Oil Sample
CHAPTER
FOUR
RESULTS
AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Discussion
Reference
INTRODUCTION
Form the test
analysis, the result show that the palm oil sample under consideration has a
value of specific gravity-0.915g, moisture content-1.729%,saponification
value-196.35mg, acid-4769%, free fatty acid-23.97%,iondine value-49.17mg,
peroxide value-26mg, colour-1125tianium disc and ciscosity-165.7 centipoises.
However, the obtained
result shows hat the oil sample meets the required standard but only needed a
little purification process on the moisture content as compared with the
international requirement.
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0
INTORDUCTION
Palm tree (Elaeis
guineensis) is one plant which grows best in tropical regions. Palm oil
fruit is a drupe consisting of a hard seed surrounded by a soft semi fibrous
and semi fleshy pulp. In the center of this stone or nut lies the seed.
The fleshy part of the fruit (the pulp) is at first black in colour, but as it
ripens becomes bright red. Palm fruit common name for member is palm a
large fairly of chiefly tropic all trees shmbs and vines, most spies are traces
characterized by a crown of compound teases called fronds terminal tall woody,
unbrached stem. Also oil palm being a nature of equatorial west Africa
and preferring high rainfall and a more open kind a long river banks grow in
bunches weighing up to ten kilograms and containing hundreds of fruitless like
small plums. The flesh is oily and the oil ran be recovered by very
simple means so that it is probable that palm oil has been recovered and used
for human food for tens of thousand of years. The primitive extraction
procedure are still in use in the village today. A typical method
consists of cutting the bunches, usually after climbing the tree and allowing
them to ferment in a heap for six to seven days then production takes
place. Vegetable as it is generally called is an important product and
raw material for most agro allied industries. More emphasis had been placed on
vegetable oil from groundnut source in recent time, this had been attainted to
its local usages most especially in domestic activities like cooking and as
well as its cheap and local method of production but with the new trend in
technology, vegetable oil is how being produced from both palm oil and palm
kernel fruit.
1.10
OBJECTIVES/SCOPE OF STUDUY
The objective of this
study and analysis is to know the characteristics of the fats contained in the
oil and other characteristic features in the oil about to help the manufacture
that uses chide palm oil as a raw material to know the measure of proportion of
both the saturated and unsaturated acids present the degree of instauration,
its reactions with other products or fats and with them jow the oil behaves in
the percale of other kind of reacting substances, these study and help to a
great extent in the productions of some products
It also help one to
know hoe to recover the fats present in die oil and under which condition it
can be recovered and the methods of determination of the fatty acid
composition. This analysis also help in detecting the deterioration of
fats; the greatest objective is to determine the constants which helps
every industries and companies that uses there oils as their raw material to
know which the oil is adulterated and how to avoid and examine the mixtures
contained in these oils.
These study helps to
expose so many the be or environment to the nutritional value, economic value;
is benefits heath wise and also the commercial gain to their country and
its economy. known to be the most productive oil crop, a hectare of oil
palm can produce five tone of crude palm oil. This is five to ten femies
more than the yield of any commercial grown oil crop.
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