CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF MALNUTRITION IN CHILDREN IN OVIA NORTH EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF EDO STATE
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CAUSES AND
EFFECTS OF MALNUTRITION IN CHILDREN IN OVIA NORTH EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF
EDO STATE
ABSTRACT
The study
investigated the causes and effects of malnutrition in children in Ovia North
East Local Government Area, using mothers and health workers as population
target. The sampling method was utilized in picking out the respondents. The
questionnaire method was used. Questions such as:
1.
Is there knowledge of awareness of proper nutritional practices among mothers?
2.
Is lack of nutrition education responsible for poor feeding
3.
Is starvation a cause of malnutrition?
Investigation
revealed that malnutrition exist amongst children in Ovia North East Local
Government Area and it occurs as a result of ignorance. In conclusion,
suggestions were made base on the findings. Malnutrition has got its root cause
from ignorance and poverty. Poverty alleviation is an area the government should
show more interest in. Finally, no doubt that these project will help increase
mother’s awareness about the causes and effect of malnutrition in Ovia North
East Local Government in Edo State.
TABLE OF
CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
Background of
the study
Statement of
the problem
Purpose of the
study
Research
questions
Significance of
the study
Definition of
terms
CHAPTER
TWO
Review of related
literature
CHAPTER THREE
Definition of
population
Sampling
procedure
Data collection
Research
methodology
Administration
of questionnaires
Validity of
instrument
Analysis of
data
CHAPTER FOUR
Data analysis
and interpretation
CHAPTER FIVE
Discussion of
findings
Conclusion
Recommendations
Recommendations
for further study
REFERENCES
QUESTIONNAIRE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Malnutrition is a term
peculiar to under develop and developing countries.
Malnutrition
has been defined in different ways for example, Marian Hill (1989) regards
malnutrition as the absence of certain essential food elements in ones diet.
Billies
nurses dictionary (18th edition) defines malnutrition as the
condition in which nutrition is defective in quantity.
Malnutrition
is the condition that occurs when a persons’ body is not getting enough
nutrients. The condition may result from an inadequate or imbalanced diet, digestive
difficulties, absorption problems or other medical conditions.
Malnutrition is a
general term for a medical condition caused by an improper or insufficient
diet, it often refers to under nutrition resulting from inadequate consumption
or excessive loss of nutrients but the term can also encompass over nutrition
from overeating or excessive intake of specific nutrients. An individual will
experience malnutrition if the appropriate amount of or quality of nutrients
comprising a healthy diet is not consumed for an extended period of time.
Malnutrition is a
situation whereby people feed but not in the appropriate portion. A state when
there is deficiency or excess of any one of the essential classes of food, such
as carbohydrates, fat, protein etc. A body system needs the six classes of food
in the correct proportion in order provide growth good health and energy to
regulate the body system in good shape and to prevent diseases. The absent of
this will adversely affect individual. An extended period of malnutrition can
result in starvation disease and infection. According to Jean Ziegler (2007)
sees malnutrition to be as a result of several conditions. First, sufficient
and proper food may not be available because of inadequate agricultural
produce. Malnutrition is the condition that develops when the body does not get
the right amount of the vitamins, minerals and other nutrients it needs to
maintain healthy tissues and organ function. Malnutrition may be mild enough to
show no symptoms. However, in some cases it may be so severe that the damage
done is irreversible even though the individual survives.
Worldwide,
malnutrition continues to be a significant problem, especially among children
who cannot fend adequately for themselves. Poverty, natural disasters,
political problems and war, all contribute to conditions of epidemics of
malnutrition and starvation. This is not just in developing countries alones
symptoms vary with the specific malnutrition related disorder. However, some
general symptoms include fatigue, dizziness, weight loss and decreased immune
response.
Most
commonly, malnourished people either do not have enough calories in their diet,
or are eating a diet that lacks proteins, vitamins or trace of
minerals. Medical problems arising from malnutrition are commonly referred to
as deficiency diseases such as kwashiokor, marasmus, anemia etc.
Nkeiruka Nwabah
(2001) refer malnutrition as a state of impaired functional ability or
deficient structural integrity or development brought about by a discrepancy
between the supply to the body tissues of essential nutrients and the specific
biological demand for them. The causes of malnutrition are as manifold as its
clinically and sub-clinical manifestations. Primary malnutrition is the result
of insufficient intake of essential nutrients because of lack of food either
because of crop failure, war or poverty, economic depression and a host of
other factors, many of which are concerned with the external environment.
There
is another aspects of malnutrition problems of “over nutrition” and excess food
intake which a large proportion of the population and have led to obesity as
well as to other disease commonly associated with civilization.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS
In
realization of the fact that malnutrition has been a problems among children in
our society with its contribution to the high rate of retarded growth which
affects the children from growing properly. The problems facing malnutrition or
the causes that lead to malnutrition are;
1.
Loss of appetite: This is whereby a child refuses to eat maybe because the baby
is sick or the child does not like that particular food.
2.
Poverty: This is one of the causes of malnutrition in our society today; this
is whereby money is not available to purchase the necessary food we need.
According to Michael Wines ten percent of all members of low-income households
do not always have enough healthful food to eat, protein-energy malnutrition
occurs in 50% of surgical patients and in 48% in all other hospitals patients.
3.
Lack of single vitamin: Lack of a single vitamin, malnutrition can occur or it
can be because a person is not getting enough food.
4.
Insufficient food supply: This is whereby people are not getting enough food,
this is whereby enough food is not supply into the country.
5.
Food taboos: Food taboos are food, which are forbidden by people for one reason
or the other. E.g. religious or cultural believes they have no scientific foundations
and have been handed over from generation to generation. These thus deprive the
individual from eating a balance diet.
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The
purpose of carrying this research is to examine the causes and effects of
malnutrition on children. The work aims at dealing with the following
objectives;
To
know the causes and effects of malnutrition
To
know what malnutrition is all about
To
know the problems facing malnutrition and their prevention
To
enlighten the people with the consequences of malnutrition
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Based
on this study, the following research questions are formulated for testing;
1.
Is there knowledge of proper nutritional practices among mothers?
2.
Do the level of financial status determine the nutritional practice for the
child?
3.
Is lack of nutrition education responsible for poor feeding?
4.
Is starvation a cause of malnutrition?
5.
Do mothers have the knowledge of causes and symptoms of nutritional diseases
and how it can be treated?
HYPOTHESIS
i.
There is no significant relationship between awareness and nutritional
practices among mothers
ii.
There is significant relationship between the financial status and nutritional
practices for the child.
iii.
There is significant relationship between nutrition education and poor
feeding
iv.
There is significant relationship between starvation, and malnutrition.
v.
There is no significant relationship between mother’s knowledge of causes and
symptoms of nutritional diseases.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This research helps
the children/parents to know what malnutrition and their symptoms is all about,
how they can prevent malnutrition and cater for those who are malnourished.
This
study will help to enlighten the parents/guardian the functions of good
nutritional diet and the consequences of ignoring good diet.
This
research will also help to know the causes and problems facing malnutrition in
our society and how we can tackle it.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study is
strictly limited to children in Ovia North East Local Governemnt Area of Edo
State.
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
It
would be necessary at this point to make clear the meaning of some words used
in this study.
Peculiar: Strange, eccentric, belonging
exclusively to one person or place or thing special.
Absorption: Take in, combine into
itself or oneself, combine into occupy the attention or interest.
Pathological: Study of disease
Calorie: Unit of heat, unit of the
energy producing value of food
Typically: Having the distinctive
qualities of a particular type of person or thing
Extreme: Very great or intense, at the
end (s), outermost, going to great lengths in actions or views, extreme degree
or act or condition.
Sufficient: When something is enough
Term: Fixed or limited period, period
of weeks during which a law court holds sessions or school holds session.
Malnutrition: Malnutrition,
Malnourished, sick persons people suffering from deficiency.
Inadequate: Not adequate, not
sufficiently
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