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CHARACTERIZATION OF
SOME BRANDED MOTOR OIL
ABSTRACT
This project work,
characterization of some branded motor oil was aimed at studying and analyzing
the characteristics/properties of lubricating oils of various brands it also
exphered the origin, properties, refining and exploration techniques of crude
oil to produce variety of products such as liquid petrol, lubricating oil,
waxes etc.
Furthermore, physical tests or
characterization tests such as viscously, density, flash point and colour
measurement were performed on four different samples of lubricating oils from
different manufactures such as total SAE 40 Quartz 2500 super heavy duty engine
oil, MOBIL HD – 40 SAE 40, AP Super V 20w-50 viscostatic, and total SAE 40 PLUS
in order to asses the qualities of these lubricating oils. The viscosity was
done using the viscometer, the flash point test were conducted using the c
level and cup flash point tester and the density obtained using the simple
hydrometer measurement and the result were recorded as Sharon in section 2.7 of
chapter two the viscosities of the various brand analysed fall between 32 and
33kg/ms, where as the flash points is between 2200C to 240C.
This work was also extended to
cover the various types of lubricating also such as Engine oil, general purpose
lubricant, gear oils, marine oil, and hydraulic oils; and their primary and
secondary functions and the various classifications of lubricating oils such as
society of automotive engineers (SAE), American Petroleum Institute (AP) and
International standard Organization (ISO) classification, which are based on
viscosity.
TABLE OF
CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
1.1
INTRODUCTION
1.2 SCOPE AND
OBJECTIVE
CHAPTER TWO
2.1
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND OF
LUBRICATIONS OILS
2.2
PRODUCTION
OF OIL
2.3
CRUDE OIL
EXPLORATION TECHNIQUE
2.4
CRUDE OIL
REFINING
2.5
PROPERTIES
OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
2.6
LUBRICATING
OILS AND LUBRICANTS
2.6.1
FUNCTIONS
OF LUBRICATING OILS
AND LUBRICANTS
2.6.2
MINERAL
OILS
2.6.3
TYPES OF
LUBRICATING OIL
2.6.4
VISCOSITY
CLASSIFICATION OF
LUBRICATING OIL
2.7
Analysis
of some selected branded motor oils
2.7.1
CHANGE IN
VISCOSITY OF LUBRICATING OIL WITH TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE.
2.7.2
LOW-TEMPERATURE
VISCOSITY AND EASE OF STARTING
2.7.3
ADDITIVES
2.8
Properties
of lubricating oils
2.8.1 Blending Of Lubricating Oil
2.9
Motor oil
deterioration
CHAPTER THREE
3.1
METHODS OF
CHARACTERIZATION
OF MOTOR OILS
3.2
EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS OF
LUBRICATING
OILS
3.3
RESULT
ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 DISCUSSION
4.2 CONCLUSION
4.3
RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Oil is viscous combustible, water – immiscible
liquids that are soluble in certain organic solvent as ether and naphtha; may
be of an animal, vegetable, mineral or synthetic origin. We have various types
such as fixed oils, volatile or essential oils and mineral oils.
Motor oil belongs to the class of fixed oils, which
derive its source from crude oil, or petroleum. It is used as either lubricant
to reduce friction between two surfaces in contact, to prevent corrosion and
also to power some automatic engines.
Crude oil, or petroleum which is the origin of motor
oil, is the most valuable and the most versatile of earths buried treasures.
Oil provides us with a number of different fuels, each of which is essential to
modern civilization. Petrol, aviation fuel, diesel fuel and heating oil are all
refined from crude oil. During the last 100 years, the search for oil has
spread to ever more remote and difficult areas: hot deserts, offshore water and
polar wastes.
More recently, natural gas has also emerged as an
important fuel, and in many parts of the word it is piped directly into houses
for domestic heating and cooking. Oil and gas are frequently found together. By
weight, oil and gas consist almost entirely of the elements carbon and
hydrogen. Chemically, these two elements are combined into thousand of different
compounds known as hydrocarbons. Oil and gas occur in natural underground
reservoirs that may lie thousands of metre below the surface.
Both oil and gas have been known since ancient
times, but they were very little used before the 1860s. The first oil well was
drilled in Pennsylvania, USA, 1859. Within a few decades, oil had also been
discovered in other countries. the most recently – developed oil field are in
the polar regions of Alaska and Siberia.
Oil has become the world’s most important fuel,
which, when refined, is used for domestic and industrial heating and for
powering the engines of our machines. Natural gas was once considered a waste
product, but is now widely exploited as a heating fuel.
There are various other useful by-product obtained
from crude oil, or petroleum, such as petrochemical used as raw material for
many industries, and organic solvent like Methane, Hexane etc.
Motor oil is highly viscous and soapy in nature to
the touch. It has a high density and high boiling point of 800kgm-3
and 4000C respectively. Motor oil is a selected fraction of refined
petroleum with or without additives used to modify frictional effects between
moving parts. There are varieties of motor branded and unbranded grades.
However, in the course of this project emphasis
will be laged on the branded motor oil. A good numbers of the branded oil will
be examined by identifying and analyzing the characteristic qualities of the
various brands. Motor oil in this sense refers to the engine oils.
Designing lubricates or motor oil to perform
function of friction and wear reduction, heat removal and contaminate
suspension in different systems are a complex tusk, involving a careful balance
of properties both in the lube base struck and the performance enhancing
additives. It is known that between five and ten thousand different lubricants,
lubrication formulations are necessary to satisfy more than 90% of all
lubricant applications.
SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this project is to study and
analyse the characteristics of lubricating oil of various brands and their
formulations. The characteristic properties of all the lubricating oils and
their classification.
This project provide an overview of all the
characteristics of lubricating oil especially those of the branded types, and
factors affecting proper lubricant performance.
Also, investigated in this piece are lubrication
theory, base stock characteristics, additives and its functions.
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