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COMPARATIVE
ANALYSIS OF COAL AND COCONUT ACTIVATED CARBON
ABSTRACT
The experiment was carried out to
analyze comparatively coal and coconut activated carbon. The coal sample
used in bituminous and with density of 1300kg 1m3 tile coconut shell
was used.
The coal and coconut shell was first
activated using phosphoric acid. The activated coal and coconut carbons
mere then used to bleach palm oil after preliminary treatment of the palm oil.
The 10 dine value, saponification
value, peroxide value and acid value of the oil bleached with coal activated
carbon and coconut shell activated carbon were determined separately and
compared. From the experiment carried out it was discovered that coconut
shell activated carbon is a better absorbent than coal activated carbon.
The results obtained from the
experiments during experiment can be used to dram further inference on the
comparative analysis of coal and coconut activated carbon.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
1.1
History of activated carbon
1.2
Forms of Activated carbon
1.3
Kinds of Activated carbon
1.4
Actuated carbon properties
1.5
Adsorption parameters of activated carbon
1.6
Application of actuated carbon
1.7
Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
2.1
History of coal
2.2
Coal formation
2.3
Mining of coal
2.4
Properties of coal
2.5
Rank and classification of coal
2.6
Uses of coal
2.7
Classification of coal
2.8
Coconut
2.9
Classification of coconut palm
2.10
Uses of the coconut palm
2.11
Structure of the coconut palm
2.12
Utilization of coconut shells
2.13
Destructive distillation of coconut shell
2.14
Manufacture of coconut shell charcoal
2.15
Properties of coal and coconut carbon
2.16
Activation of coal carbon
2.17
Types of activated carbon
2.18
Coal based activated carbon
2.19
Properties of coal activated carbon
2.20
Coconut shell-based activated carbon
2.21
Properties of coconut-shell activated carbon
CHAPTER THREE
3.1
Experimental procedure
3.2
Preliminary treatment of palm oil
3.3
Experimental procedure for adsorption process
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.1
Analysis
4.2
Results
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.1
Discussion
5.2
Recommendation
5.3
Conclusion
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
HISTORY OF ACTIVATED
Activated carbon was first know to
treat mater over 2000 yeas ago. It was first produced commercially at the
beginning of the 20th century and was only available in powder form. Initially
activated carbon was mainly treatment to remove taste and then from 1930 for
mater treatment to remove taste and odor. Cranlar activated carbon was
developed as a consequence of WWI for gass masks and has been used subsequently
for mater treatment, solvent recovery and air purification.
The unique structure of activated
carbon produces a very lager surface area.11b of granular activated carbon
typically provides a surface area of 125 acres {1kg = 1000000 sq}.
Activated carbon be produced form a varnicty of carbonaceous raw material, the
primary ones being coal, coconut shills, mood and lignite. The intrinsic
properties of the activated carbon are dependent on the raw martial
source. The activated carbon surface is non-polar which results in an affinity
for non- polar adsorbates such as organics.
Adsorption is a surface phenomenon in
which an adsorbate is held onto the surface of the activated carbon by vander
maals forces and saturated is represented by an equilibrium point. These
forces are physical in nature, which means that the process is reversible
(using heal, pressme etc) Activated carbon also capable of chemisorptions,
whereby a chemical reaction occurs a the carbon interface, changing the state
of the adsorbate {dechlorination is an example of a chemisorptions process}
1.2
FORMS OF ACTIVATED CARBON
There are three main forms of activated carbon and
these include:
A.
GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON : this is irregular in shape with respect to
its particles. The particles sizes ranges from 0.2 to 5mm. It is
used in both liquid and gas phase applications.
B.
POWDER ACTIVATED CARBON: This is a pulverized carbon with a size
predominantly less than 0.18mm. these are mainly used in liquid phased
applications and for flue gas treatment.
C.
PELLETED ACTIVATED CARBON: it is extruded and cylindrical shaped with diameters
from 0.8 to 3mm. These are mainly used for gas phase application because
of their low pressure drop, high mechanical strength and low dust content.
1.2
KINDS OF ACTNATED CARBON
There
are end kinds of activated carbon
1.
LOW DENSITY ACTIVATED CARBON: this is used for ligind phase adsorption
2.
HIGH DENSITY ACTIVATED CARBON: This is used for gas phase adsorption
1.3
ACTIVATED CARBON PROPERTIES
The following are the properties
possessed by activated carbons irrespective of the base material from which
they are made.
1.
10 DINE NUMBER/VALUE: This is the fundamental property used to characterize
activated carbon performance. It measures the activity level, higher
number indicates higher degree of activation.
2.
METHYLENE BLUE: this is a measure of mesopore structure of activated
carbon. It is between 20-500A.
3.
CARAMEL DP {MOLASSES VALUE}: this is the measure of macro pore structure, it is
less than 500A. it is important for decolorizing performance of activated
carbon.
4.
SURFACE AREA: this is use to measure the adsorption capacity. Pore size
distribution or pore volume is also important to determine ultimate
performance.
5.
APPARENT DANSITY: activated carbon with higher density possesses greater volume
activity and this normally indicates better quality activated carbon.
6.
PORTICLE SIZE: smaller particle size provides quicker rate of adsorption which
reduces the amount of contact time required. Smaller particle size brings
about greater pressure drop.
7.
HARDNESS/ABRASION NUMBER: it is a measure of activated carbons resistance to
attrition, and important indicator of activated carbon to maintain its physic
integrity and with stand frictional forces imposed by mashing etc
8.
DECHLORINATION HALF-VALUE LENGTH: this is a test to measure the dechlorination
efficiency of activated carbon. The depth of activated carbon to reduce
influent chlorine level from 5ppm to 2.5ppm lower half-value length indicates
superior performance
9.
ASH CONTENT: this reduces overall activity of activated carbon and efficiency
of reactivation. Metals {Fe203} can leach out of activated carbon
resulting in discoloration. Acid/mater solvable ash content is more
significant then total ash content.
1.5
ADSORPTION PARAMTERS OF ACTIVATED CARBON
The adsorption parameters of activated
carbon show the trend and degree of adsorption of activated carbon and they
are:
1.
CAPACITY VERSUS KINETIC RATE: capacity parameters determine loading
characteristics of activated carbon. Maximum adsorption capacity of
activated carbon is only achieved at equilibrium. Kinetic parameters only
determine the rate of adsorption and have reliable effect on adsorption
capacity.
2.
SURFACE AREA: adsorption capacity is proportional to surface area and it is
determined by degree of activation
3.
PORE SIZE: correct fore size distribution is necessary to facilitate the
adsorption process by providing adsorption site and the appropriate channels to
transport adsorbate
4.
PARTICLE SIZE: smaller particle size provide quicker rate of adsorption.
Note that total surface area is determined by degree of activation and pore
structure and not particle size
5.
TEMPERATURE: lower temarature increases adsorptro capacity except in the case
of viscous liquids
6.
CONCETRATION OF ADSORBATE: adsorption capacity is proportional to concentration
of adsorbate
7.
PH: adsorption capacity increases under PH conditions, which decreases the
solubility of the adsorbate.
8.
CONTACT TIME: sufficient content time is required to reach adsorption
equilibrium and to maximize adsorption efficiency
1.6
APPLICATONS OF ACTIVAED CARBON
Activated carbon is mainly used as an
agent for refining, decolorizing, purifying or filtering substances in varied
industries.
It is used in air deodoration and
seperation of permanent and rare gases from air sulphur removal from sythesis
gases, removal of foreign odor from in carbondioxide from dry ice or carbonated
beverages, gelatin in cold storage and refrigerators. It is also used in
deodorizing vegetasusores, purification of various organic liquids, mater
purification and recovery of gold and silver from ones.
1.7
DEFINIION OF TERMS
ADSORBENT: This is a natural or
synthetic material of microcrysetatheine structure in loose internal surface is
accessible for selective combination of solid and solute
ADSORPTION: It is the process by which
liquid or gaseous molecules are concentrated on a solid surface, in this case
activated carbon . It is a surface phenomenon.
SELECTIVITY: It is the ability of
activated carbon [adsorbent] to adsorb certain component more strongly
than other Adsorbent.
ADSORBANTIC: this is the solute liquid
or gaseous molecules that is concentrated on the solid of the solid adsorbent
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