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DEHYDRATION
OF ETHANOL WATER SOLUTION USING ACTIVATED STARCH
ABSTRACT
This
project research work was based on dehydration of ethanol water solution using
activated starch. The extracted starch obtained was of whistler method. The
starch obtained from potato was weighed with the use of a weighing balance,
0.1gram of activated starch weighted for eight times. The 0.1 gram of activated
starch was put in a different test tube. About 20mg of ethanol was measured and
added to the 0.1gram of activated starch, with two different concentrations of
10% and 50% respectively which was put on test tube track and then placed on
the water bath and was allowed to run for 30 minutes and 60 minutes
respectively. The result obtained from the experiment was
seen to be more palatable with the use of potatoes starch as the major
absorbent. It was observed that the lower concentration of ethanol-water
mixture led to decrease in the refractive index of the water-ethanol mixture.
The dehydration method employed was
of a huge advantage due to its effectiveness and ability to remove water from
the mixture of ethanol and water. Due to the fact that the intermediate product
of the activated starch were useful in the dehydration process, a good quality
of ethanol was obtained which gave rise to the relevance of potato being put
into use in terms of starch generation for industrial purpose. The
research work as regards the materials used and the method of dehydration being
employed, it was compared relatively to be more viable and feasible with other
methods of dehydration. The amount put together to achieve the successful
dehydration and anhydrous ethanol as quality product was estimated to be
relatively cheaper compared to the other methods of dehydration
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0
Introduction
1.1
Background of the Study
1.2
Objectives of the study
1.3
Statement of Problems
1.4
Justification
1.5
Limitation of study
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0
Literature Review
2.1
History of Ethanol
2.2
Gelatinization and Saccharification of Starch
2.3
Enzymatic Hydrolytic
Starch
2.4
Ethanol Dehydration Through Stimulation
2.5
Adsorption of Ethanol
2.6
Activation of Starch
2.7
Properties of Activation
Starch
2.8
Activated Starch
2.9
Methods of Activated
Starch
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0
Methodology
3.1
Apparatus / Materials
Used
3.2
Method of Starch Extraction
3.3
Flour Extraction
3.4
Activation or Modification of Starch Sample
3.5
Experimental
Procedure
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0
Result Analysis
4.1
The Results
4.2
Calculation for the Refractive
Index
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.0
Discussion, Conclusion, and
Recommendation
5.1
Discussion
5.2
Conclusion
5.3
Recommendation
References
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Complication
of a process for ethanol dehydration by fractional distillation arrives when
the solution is in the vicinity of its azeotropic point (95.6wt% ethanol) where
both compounds are not separable by fractional distillation. Azeotropic
distillation is to bring ethanol concentration up to an anhydrous level is an
energy intensive and required a use of toxic organic entraners such as benzene.
As a result anhydrous ethanol is normally produced by distilling the solution
until ethanol concentration of about 75 -90wt% is achieved and other techniques
are employed after that remove water to a minusel level.
One of the energy efficient techniques widely used for dehydration of ethanol
is adsorption and starchy and cellulose biomass are among several adsorbent
that have been accepted that ethanol dehydration by adsorption requires less
energy than the conventional azeotropic distillation it is also less energy
consuming than adsorption using other adsorbent. For example the total energy
consumed in dehydration of ethanol using cellulose was reported to be 2,873
kj/kg ethanol while the adsorption using calcium oxide (CaO) was 3,669kj/kg
ethanol. Another attractive advantage of using biomass derived adsorbent is
that when regeneration is not practical the spent adsorbent could be used as a
feed stock for fermentation either for ethanol or biomass production.
Deposition of starchy and cellulosic and environmental friendly due to their
readily biodegradability.
Ability of starch and cellulose to adsorb water is a result of interaction in
form of hydrogen bonding between free hydroxyl groups (-OH) on their glucose
units and the water molecules as depicted. Water is by nature more polar than
organic compounds such as alcohols. Therefore it interacts with hydroxyl groups
of glucose containing adsorbent with higher strength and faster rate.
Consequently, aqueous alcohol solution passing through bed of starchy or
cellulose material would come out with lower concentration of water in the
solution.s
1.2
OBJECTIVES OF THE
STUDY
The aim or objectives of the research work on the dehydration of ethanol water
solution using activated starch is determined as follows:
1.
To identify polysaccharide compounds of starch materials which have the ability
of adoption due to the removal of water by contact of the adsorbent either with
vapor or liquid of ethanol solutions.
2.
To determine the adsorption of water from liquid solution 85 95%v/v ethanol
onto starchy material.
3.
To determine the complication of a process for ethanol dehydration by the
activated starch.
4.
To determine investigated water and adsorption efficiency of adsorbent prepared
by the activated starch.
1.3
STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
The
problems which arise as a result of high cost of importation and harsh economic
situation in the country, it becomes imperative to search for local raw
materials to replace the imported ethanol water solution by starch which yield
high quality of activated starch which yield high quality of activated starch
for the dehydration of ethanol solution.
1.4
JUSTIFICATION
At
present, there is no commercial dehydration of ethanol water solution from
activated starch in Nigeria. Huge amount of money are being spent to import
ethanol for medical, pharmaceutical research and industries. It will be
economically useful if government imitate a move towards the direction of
dehydration ethanol from our local raw material such as starch.
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