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DEVELOPMENT
OF AEROSOL INSECTICIDE USING LOCAL RAW
MATERIALS
ABSTRACT
This research work was carried
out on the development of aerosol insecticide using local raw material. This
was made possible through careful and through review of some organic substances
to obtain their various properties and characteristic under various conditions.
The following promised to be active in the formulation of a biodegradable
aerosol insecticide which is non toxic and capable of blocking the respiratory
‘mechanics’ of target insects, especially, the mouth sucking insects. The
chemical substances are classified according to their sources. They are as
follows:-
(A)
The
nature local organic compounds;’ they are refenone (an extract from
lonchoearpus nunits or annun) citronellal (an extract from lemon grass)
piperinal (a synergist) and solvents for extraction.
(B)
The
synthetic local organic compounds; they are DDVP (Dichloro- dimetty , vinyl
phosphate, allethrich. Piperinal, simple paraffin, benzaldehyde and perfume.
In the formulation and
production of these insecticides, some chemical process were involved such as
pulverization (grind), folteration, extraction heating, stiring etc for the
purpose of formulation different standard ratios were used. For instance, for
natural local organic compound insecticide, the formulation was 60% by volume
of rotenone, 30% by volume of citronellal and 10% by volume of the synergist
(ie piperinal) and annyl alcohol. For the synthhetic one, the formulation was
0.5% by volume of DDVP, 0.45% by volume of allethrin, 0.35% by volume, 95% by
volume of simple paraffin and 3.7% by volume of mixture of benzaldehyde
and perfume.
In both products, they were found to be effective when tested. But it was found
that the insecticide from synthetic raw materials had better efficiency
than the one from natural raw materials.
From further test and observation, it was found that the insecticides has
little or no effect on the environment.
Finally, the products were stored in a pressurized spray cans for use.
Recommendation were made on the proper management of the insects and also
conclusions were drawn to that effect.
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
Insecticides
are agents, or preparation for destroying insects and related animals by
disruption of vital processes through chemical action. To be more precise,
insecticides are materials used for the metigation, control or elimination of
insects or animals that are detrimental to human health and economy.
Recent discoveries of new synthetic insecticides led to major advances in insecticide
technology. Coupled with development in aerosol biophysics, highly active
chemicals can now be effectively applied to target species to give maximum
control of insect peste. Armed with these techniques man is able to subdue and
control pest of agricultural, veterinary and public health importance.
Research scientist have developed a range of insecticides formulations, each
specifically designed to combat insect pest affecting man’s health, livestock
or economy with maximum safety and efficiency.
Chemically, insecticides may be of organic or inorganic origin. Also they
possess different methods of action and could be classified according to these
different methods of action such as stomach poisoning, contact poisoning,
residual poisoning, system poisoning, fumigants, repellants or attractants.
Contact poison insecticides, being the one of most interest, kill following
external bodily contact.
The design of an aerosol insecticide should depend
on the nature of the target organism. it is possible to design a “general
insect” killing aerosol but such product are by their very nature a compromise,
and are thus inferior to products specially formulated for use against specific
targets. Certain formulations which are extremely effective against flying
insects may give poor control of crewing insects and, conversely, crawling
insect killing aerosols may have little action against flying insect. Aerosol
insecticides used against flying insect are specifically formulated to induce
immediate paralysis and knockdown of flies, mosquitoes and wasp ect. Knockdown
follows from the paralytic action of an insecticide christened on insect
muscles responsible for flight. These insecticides may be applied as a spray if
liquid or in suspension, as a dust or as a gas.
The qualities and performance of aerosol insecticides are largely dependent on
the properties of its constitutuents and the ratio of these constitutuents in
the final products. Records shows that insecticides were used as long as 1000
B.C. However, they were more often useless than useful since they were
based on legend and superstition rather than on scientific knowledge. The
essential property of early insecticides was a disagreeable or dour rather than
the toxic or poisonous nature.
Aerosol insecticides from available local raw materials must meet the present
need for a high standard of performance so as to cater satisfactorily for the
needs of the society. Besides, the insecticides produced should conform to be
amendments in the federal insecticide, fungicides and Rodenticide Act of 1972
and that of the federal environmental protection Agency Act of 1994. The
overview of the conformity to the Acts is that the insecticides produced should
be effective and environmental friendly.
The purpose of this work is to seek alternative local inputs for the
development, formulation and production of aerosol insecticide, as well as
testing of the complete aerosol insecticide that will effectively complete with
other aerosol insecticides made from imported raw materials or synthetic raw
materials.
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