EFFECT OF OUTDOOR PUBLIC SERVICE INFORMATION CAMPAIGN ON EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE PREVENTION IN IMT(INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY) AND ESCET (ENUGU STATE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION [TECHNICAL])
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EFFECT
OF OUTDOOR PUBLIC SERVICE INFORMATION CAMPAIGN ON EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE
PREVENTION IN IMT(INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY) AND ESCET
(ENUGU STATE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION [TECHNICAL])
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY
On
personal observation the researcher discovered, after hours of touring the
premises of IMT and ESCET respectively, countless notices of room vacancies at
IMT, a few HIV/AIDS and cultism campaign billboards in both institutions and
only ONE inconspicuously painted sign at ESCET which read, “stop examination
malpractices …study hard”. This goes to show how only little energy has been
channeled towards curbing the vice, under study, present in both institutions
of learning.
Examination
malpractices in Nigeria have attained a frightening proportion. It is
sophisticated and institutionalized. Unfortunately, it involves youth between
the ages of 18-23 years. Efforts by government administrations and various
stakeholders in the educational sector to avert the ugly trend have not yielded
fruit.
According to
Eromosele (2001),
…from
the present trend, examination malpractices will utterly destroy the quality of
education in Nigeria if decisive steps are not taken to avert or checkmate the
trend.
Ruwa
(1997) traced back examination malpractices to 1914. Its situation is so
embarrassing to the nation that the federal military government in 1984
promulgated Decree 20 to deal with it. However, this decree was revised by the
Examination Malpractices Act 33 of 1999. Other measures adopted too were the
War Against Indiscipline and Corruption (WAIC) of the Buhari/Idiagbon regime
and MAMSER of Babangida regime. Despite these steps, the evil continues to eat
deep into the system.
Whereas
in the past students tend to hide examination malpractice acts, now they
advertise them without any fear or shame. Recently, several studies suggest
that students are turning towards more private values, primarily towards
self-fulfillment in a career. The strong shift towards ethical and liberal
political values appears to have slowed. As a result, the trends towards
increased social liberalism, cultism, de-emphasis on automatic acceptance of
authority, and examination malpractices have continued to rise.
One
of the objectives of education in Nigeria is to prepare the young ones to face
future challenges and develop them to meet the nation’s manpower requirements.
Schools need to conduct examinations as a yardstick for assessment. In the
recent past, there has been a renewed effort to wage war against
corruption at international, regional and national dimensions. Yet the
following questions are unanswered: why have youths decided to join the
corruption train? What are the strategies that have been used to fight this
particular corruption? Why are these strategies not winning the war? What are
the options for winning the war? As it is, the war could be lost forever since
universally accepted and time tested strategies are not effectively or
efficiently utilized.
The
intent of this study is to extend earlier efforts by examining the effect of a
public service information campaign (also called Public Service
Advertising-PSA) at IMT (Polytechnic) and ESCET (College of Education) on
examination malpractice prevention. The researcher hopes to contribute to the
continuing elucidation of PSAs on students. She is motivated by some of the
same questions and concerns that scholars have pondered on for decades. Thus,
interest in all levels of education has been focused on its impact on student values
and its role in the creation of socially and politically concerned individuals.
Much research has concentrated on changes in attitude and personality as a
result of the educational experience.
Advertising
is essentially persuasive communication. Thus, the goals set for advertising
are communication tasks: to reach a defined audience, to a given extent, and
during a given time period. The public move from unawareness of a policy to
awareness and then to knowledge, liking, preference, conviction and then action.
Public service information campaigns are non partisan and noncommercial. They
promote causes, influence behavior and advertise locally and nationally social
betterment. According to Igbuzor (2005), there are six questions that should
test the seriousness of any anti-corruption crusade. These are: Is it
systematic? Is it comprehensive? Is it consistent? Does it have focus? Is it
well-publicized? Does it carry people along?
Students
are generally known with consistent mobility; on foot, by public transportation
or personal vehicles. Thus, outdoor advertising is an effective way of reaching
them. It offers the lowest cost per exposure of any major advertising medium,
and it produces a major impact, because it is usually big, colourful, brief in
content and hard to ignore. It primarily serves as a reminder medium. It comes
in posters (billboards), painted bulletins, signs, handbills or even transit
and shelter advertising.
Youths
are one of the nation’s greatest assets. The Nigerian youth grapples with the
problem of corruption ranging from examination malpractices to fraud. It is
incontrovertible that examination malpractice thrives in a corrupt society
which indicates that it is in the psyche of the people. Theories have
maintained that human morality springs from the emotional disposition that is
hardwired in our species. Therefore corruption can only be tackled there.
Through
an effective conscience appeal, this study hopes to provide the answers to most
of the enquiries contained in this segment of the study and the reason more
attention should be concentrated on adopting outdoor PSA measures as a new
strategy towards preventing examination malpractices.
1.2
STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
a. The time of
PSA placement may not correspond with ESCET’s academic schedule.
b. The wrong
outdoor medium or a poor presentation of the chosen medium is used.
c. The
location of the medium used is out of place considering students’ mobility.
d. More
attention is paid to the campaign against other societal ills.
e.
Difficulty in achieving intended attitudinal results towards examination
malpractice prevention.
These
are the problems which motivated the researcher towards embarking on this
study.
1.3 OBJECTIVES
OF THE STUDY
a.
To ensure that more attention and interest is drawn towards the use of outdoor
PSAs.
b.
To create a strong conviction in ESCET and IMT’s students towards shunning all
forms of examination malpractices.
c.
To determine suitable placement locations for the medium considering students’
mobility.
d.
To ensure that PSA placement timing synchronizes with that of the institutions’
academic calendar.
All
these determine the high degree of effectiveness the campaign could achieve.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF
THE STUDY
In
times past decrees have been promulgated, NGOs established, management policies
adopted, even stiff fines have been stipulated, yet the scourge thrives.
Consequently,
this study offers an easier way of achieving a gradual positive transition in the
lives of the youth as can be observed through the following beneficiaries:
a. The management of
tertiary institutions, which includes invigilators, examination coordinators,
course lecturers etc, is placed in a better position to produce a greater number
of credible graduates.
b. Governmental or non-
governmental agencies responsible for tackling corruption – related issues are
given a greater opportunity at ridding the society off this vice.
c. It could serve as
a forum for academic discuss, equally acting as a reminder, for the benefit of
concerned and interested individuals in the society.
d. Parents and guardians
are assured a greater sense of pride and confidence in the capabilities and
achievements of their wards.
e. Finally, all the above
would be assured a more secure future for the country especially if the youth,
the root cause, take into consideration past mistakes and try to make good the
present in good faith.
1.5 RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
a. To what extent is PSA
placement timing corresponding with IMT and ESCET’s examination schedule?
b. To what extent are
positive behavioural results attainable?
c. To what extent can
suitable placement locations be determined considering students’ mobility?
d. To what extent is
interest geared towards the campaign’s medium?
e. To what extent is
increased interest in the campaign to contribute to its effectiveness?
1.6 RESEARCH
HYPOTHESES
a. H0: PSA placement
timing does not correspond with ESCET and IMT’s schedule
H1: PSA
placement timing corresponds with ESCET and IMT’s schedule
b. H0: positive
behavioural results are not attainable
H2:
positive behavioural results are attainable
c. H0:
suitable placement locations cannot be determined considering students’
mobility.
H3: suitable
placement locations can be determined considering students’ mobility.
d. H0: interest
cannot be geared towards the campaign’s medium.
H4:
interest can be geared towards the campaign’s medium.
e. H0:
increased interest cannot contribute to the campaign’s effectiveness.
H5:
increased interest can contribute to the campaign’s effectiveness.
1.7 CONCEPTUAL
AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
The researcher used some terms that
connote different meanings to different situations. The terms are hereunder
defined to differentiate their conceptual and operational meanings:
EFFECT
Conceptual: being in force or operation often
from a particular point in time
PUBLIC
SERVICE ADVERTISEMENTS (PSAs)
Conceptual: advertisements intended to promote an
idea in order to influence behavior
EXAMINATION
MALPRACTICE
Operational: all forms of cheating in a test of
knowledge which directly or indirectly falsifies the ability of the student.
PREVENTION
Operational: establishing measures to avoid a
situation that could occur
INSTITUTIONALIZED
Conceptual: dependent on routine of an institution
because of having spent a long time there
Operational: established as normal because of
having existed for so long
INCONSPICUOUS
Operational: not brightly coloured or easily
noticed
AVERT
Conceptual: look away
Operational: synonym for prevent
TREND
Conceptual: a current fashion or mode
Operational: situation of events
CHECKMATE:
Conceptual: winning chess position
Operational: control a situation
PROMULGATED
Operational: military jargon for enactment of law
REVISE
Conceptual: study or go through
Operational: amend or modify a law
GUSTO
Conceptual: lively enthusiasm
WAGE
Conceptual: payment for work
Operational: engage in a societal war to achieve
an end
TRAIN
Conceptual: linked railroad cars
Operational: sequence of events
WAR
Conceptual:
armed fighting between groups
Operational: serious effort to end a societal ill
ELUCIDATION
Conceptual: clarification/ explanation
TASK
Conceptual: work which poses as a burden
Operational: operations or activities
MOBILITY
Conceptual: change to another social group
Operational: ability to move from one place to
another in carrying out activities
BRIEF
Conceptual: curt or abrupt in conversation
Operational: inadequate information
INCONTROVERTIBLE
Conceptual: undeniable or certain
CAUSE
Conceptual: what makes something happen
Operational: an idea that people work towards
achieving
GRAPPLE
Conceptual: hold something with a hooked device
Operational: struggle to deal with a particular
situation
HARDWIRED
conceptual: directly wired into a computer
conceptual: directly wired into a computer
Operational: imbibed
PSYCHE
Conceptual: human spirit or soul
PLACEMENT
Conceptual: arranging for appropriate class or
course
Operational: act of positioning an advertisement
at a particular location
GEARED
Conceptual: adopt something so that it fits in
with something else
Operational: channeled or directed
DYNAMIC
Conceptual: vigorous and purposeful
Operational: active and changing
1.8 ASSUMPTIONS
OF THE STUDY
In
terms of research, and as a result of the world’s dynamic nature, this area of
study cannot be said to be sufficiently explored. Now, the researcher
concentrates on the aspect of how examination malpractice can be campaigned
against through the effect caused by the use of outdoor PSAs (especially
billboards) in IMT and ESCET students. Future researches could be conducted on
the advancement of the then existing outdoor PSAs.
The
world’s technology sector is advancing in leaps and bounds. As a result,
existing PSAs today could tomorrow become modified in terms of its electronic
and portable qualities. This trend could in turn synchronize with the increased
and modified techniques of examination malpractice that could exist then. This
is a real possibility. Even if this study may have succeeded in leaving a
positive impression in the minds of the present day IMT and ESCET students,
future unrepentant youths faced with more rigid anti-examination malpractice
measures may be forced to invent new ways to “survive” academically.
Metaphorically put, adapting to a “na-condition-wey –make –crayfish-bend”
situation.
Consequently,
these researchers should keep up with the ever changing trends by studying
other Nigerian higher institutions of learning and comparing them with IMT and
ESCET in terms of how well the examination malpractice scourge is
monitored and what measures are adopted to prevent, manage or eradicate
it from the school system.
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