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FACTORS RESPONSIBLE
FOR THE RATE OF DROPPING OUT OF SECONDARY SCHOOL (A CASE STUDY OF ORHIONMWON
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA EDO STATE)
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this
study is to attempt to find the role of dropping out from senior secondary
school. This question has raised other questions for varying reasons. And
scholars in education and psychology have attempted to proffer a solution in
this regard, which would lead students not to drop out from school. To help
this questions some statements were drawn up such as:
1.
Students’ dropout from school because of financial difficulties.
2.
Children from poor homes are prone to dropout from school.
3.
Unexpected pregnancy makes students dropout from school.
The methodology of
this study shows statistical comprehension of the research based on the data
collected. Data collected were analyzed with the instrument of a percentage.
The last chapter is a summary of the work, Conclusion and recommendations of
the project. From the findings, some recommendations were made such as:
1.
The mass literacy campaign programme should be intensified. Parents and
guardians should be well informed that education is not only for employment.
2.
Free education at least to secondary school level should be pursued.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER
ONE
Introduction
Background of study
Statement of problem
Research questions
Basic assumptions
Purpose of the study
Scope of study
Limitations of study
Definitions of terms
CHAPTER TWO
Review of literature
Unemployment
Students financial difficulties
Marriage
Unexpected pregnancy
Change of career
Parental factor
CHAPTER THREE
Method of study
Population of study
Sample and sampling procedure
Distribution of sample
Instrument for data collection
Validation of the instrument
Method of data collection
Method of data analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
Results of observation and discussion
of results
CHAPTER FIVE
Findings, recommendation and conclusion
Findings
Conclusion
Recommendations for further study
Suggestions
REFERENCES
QUESTIONNAIRE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Secondary education can be defined as
the transition between the primary education and tertiary education. It aims at
preparing children for useful living in the society and at the same time
prepares them for higher education. The national policy on education (1981)
divides the secondary school into junior secondary (JSS) and senior secondary
school (SSS) each stage is for a period of three years. The three years in
junior secondary school is like the primary education, which is both
prevocational and academic. The curriculum of the senior secondary school on
the other hand is diversified. According to Ehiametaler E. T et al (1989)
students at this level are streamed into science inclined, art inclined,
commercial subjects oriented teacher, training inclined and technical subjects
oriented.
But in spite of the many career opportunities open to students in the senior
secondary school programme, students are dropping out especially in Evboesi
areas of Edo State. Secondary schools are being closed for low environment.
Statistics on student’s environment in the post primary schools in the defunct
Bendel state as a wholly available at the ministry of education shows that the
population of students in the senior secondary school is on the decline.
Another evidence of decline in senior secondary school environment in the
recent method adopted by the West Africa examination council (WAEC) where by
schools with many students for the senior school certificate examinations are
grouped together to form a single centre. Many students who had sought
admission into the senior secondary school had prematurely withdrawn and
dropped out before graduation for one or two reasons. This is caused for
concern of interests are some of the factors responsible for this untimely withdrawal.
In the first place, the current economic lesson in the country has left many
graduates but from secondary school and institutions of higher learning
unemployed. According to Gerald Bernbanu (1979) the disappointed people who had
earlier looked to educational expansion both to reduce social and economic
inequalities and to improve the performance of the economy going to school was
still regarded as the surest way to gainfully employ especially in the public
sector. The non-employment of most of the graduates for all levels of our
educational institutions makes the current students in the senior secondary
school to see attending school as a waste of time. The point that is being
emphasized here is that because school leavers and graduates of higher
institutions do not richly secure gainfully employed in the public or private
sectors of the economy as the case, many years ago students are no longer
motivated to continue their education through the senior secondary school
(SSS).
Government also contributes to the rate of dropout from secondary school in
charging tuition fees, which many parents cannot afford in view of the present
economic crisis the country. Even when many of them have struggled to pay the
tuition fees, final accommodation fees are often unaffordable. Another factors
which make students to withdraw from the senior secondary school is early
marriage. It has been postulated that many girls dropped out of school because
their parents wanted them to get married some other girls had dropped out of
school because they had unexpected pregnancies which had forced them into early
marriage. Some students who had originally enrolled into the senior secondary
class had dropped out due to change in career goals. Some have taken up such
careers like carpentry, tailoring, hairdressing and other types of vocational
training. Parent’s attitudes level of education, family size and socio-economic
status contributes to the rate of dropout from the senior secondary school.
According to Oraemesi J. L (1987) parents no longer encourage their children to
pursue secondary education, one argument for this is the education these days
do not yield economic benefits whereas investing the same number of years and
fund which have been budgeted for education in trade or business will yield
greater profit.
A good number of students withdraw from senior secondary school due to poor
socio-economic status of their parents. The serious economic crisis in the
country has impoverished many homes and as a result they are unable to afford
school fees, uniforms, books for their children. These and many other attendant
problem facing students and parents have made them disillusioned by what formal
education can give them hence the dropping of the senior secondary
school.
1.2
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Dropout from the
senior secondary is an aspect of educational wastage and should be treated as a
problem facing secondary school in particular and education in general.
As been established
in the previous section of this chapter, senior secondary school classes are
empty due to the rate of dropout from school.
It has also been
established in the background to the problem that institutional administrators,
educational planners, policy makers both at state and national levels, students
and guidance and counselors have reacted out differently, times to the rate at
which secondary school in the rural areas especially are becoming depopulated.
But the problem of
interest – this study is to determine the relationship between the rate of
dropout from the senior secondary schools in Orhionmwon Local Government Area
of Edo state and the factor is as follow:-
Graduate
unemployment, early marriage, unexpected pregnancy, financial difficulties,
change in career goals, parent’s attitude, educational levels, socio-economic
status and family size.
The study is also
interested in determining what other factor might be related to the rate of
dropout.
1.3
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following
research questions are devised to guide the following investigator:
1.
Does the current trend of graduate unemployment contribute to the rate of
dropout from school?
2.
Are early marriage and unexpected pregnancy factors in the dropout from the
senior secondary school?
3.
What is the relationship between financial difficulties and dropout from senior
secondary school?
4.
Do students dropout from senior secondary school due to change in career goals.
5.
Do parent’s attitudes and levels of education affect dropout from senior
secondary school?
6.
Do socio-economic status and family size of parents contribute to the rate of
drop outs from senior secondary school?
7.
What other factors contribute to dropouts from senior secondary school?
1.4
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
Major asumpti0ons
made in this study were:
1.
The absence of employment prospect for school leavers and graduate of higher
institution make students to dropout from senior secondary school.
2.
To both parents and students the making purpose of education is to secure
gainful employment either in government service or private sector.
3.
Early marriage and unexpected pregnancy make students to dropout from senior
secondary school.
4.
Student’s dropout from senior secondary school because of financial
difficulties.
5.
Change in career goals makes students to dropout from senior secondary school.
6.
Children from poor homes are prone to dropout from school.
1.5
PURPOSE OF STUDY
The purpose of this
study was to determine the main factor responsible for the rate of dropout from
school in Orhionmwon local government.
The study examined
the effect of factors such as graduate unemployment, early marriage, unexpected
pregnancy, student’s financial difficulties and educational levels,
socio-economics status and family size on the rate of drop out from school.
It further sought to
ascertain other relevant problems relating to the rate of dropout from school.
1.6
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
Dropout often entails
unproductive expenditure. They suggest that society has neglected its
responsibility of equal educational opportunity to its citizens. Therefore this
study is undertaken in a strong belief that would make meaningful contributions
to how government administrators, and parents can find lasting solutions to the
problems of children retention in schools generally and especially in the
senior secondary school.
The study would
reveal the impact of unemployment on children attendance and completion of
school. The recommendations that may be given would be important to our
government policy makers at the federal, state and local state levels.
Finally, guidance and
counsellor would find the finding of this study useful. They could use tem to
detect and prevent such symptoms that are likely to head dropping out in the
selected school subjects.
1.7
SCOPE OF STUDY
The study is
delimited to Orhionmwon Local Government Area. Ten of the different secondary
schools were used. One hundred identified dropouts from five towns in the local
government area were used.
The sample drawn from
the population is not fully a representation of the whole senior secondary
school dropout in the area. As a result the extent generalization could be made
fro the study is limited.
However, it is
believed that the sample is not altogether inadequate as subjects are drawn
from towns in the local government were dropout can be identified.
1.8
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Drop out: For
the purpose of this study, the term ‘dropout’ means students who had originally
planned to obtain the senior school certificate {S.S.C} but who had left school
before graduation. The term includes all these who withdrawn from other trades.
Senior Secondary
School {S.S.S}: This reflects to classes 1 to 3 after
junior secondary school leavers and graduates of higher institutions.
Large family size:
This refers to a polygamous family. It also refers to a family with more than
four children.
Unexpected pregnancy:
This refers to teenage pregnancy which occurs when the teenager has not married
and she is still in the school system.
Junior secondary
school {J.S.S}: This is the first tier of all
secondary school. It is for the period of three years.
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