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FORMULATION
AND PRODUCTION OF LEVER A SOAP
ABSTRACT
The production of the
soap was carried out using all the necessary equipments like the reactor,
mould, stirrer, hygrometer guage etc. and all the required reagents for soap
production in correct proportion.
In the production,
palm kernel oil (P.K.O) was used instead of tallow or grease. This was
because soap produced from grease or tallow tends to dissolve slowly at room
temperature, whereas, soap of palm kernel oil product gives a quicker lather
which is relatively suitable.
Different formulation
were developed, but the most appropriate was the ratio 2:1 of P.K.O to caustic
soda solution. This ratio gave a very quality soap. The other
formulation are 3:1 and 1:1 of good quality and physically, they were observed
to be brittle.
The test and analysis
carried out on the P.K.O and the soap produced proved that the saponification
value of the P.K.O was 248.24; refractive index was 1.451, free fatty value of
1.58; acid value of 4.43; moisture content of 26.78%; free alkali of 0.214%,
alcohol insoluble matter of 1.43% and PH value of 9.98 at a temperature reading
2980c. The soap was moderately soft and very soluble in water.
The quality of soap
produced conformed to all the requirements for toilet soap from Standard
Organization of Nigeria (SON). It was found out that the soap has no
inferiors effect on the skin; does not contain any visible foreign matter which
means that the soap was properly mixed, does not encourage microbial growth and
lathers effectively.
It was also found
that the cost of producing the herbal/medicated or antiseptic soap was N63.00k
compared to that sold in the market for N100.00k per tablet. Thus, the
production based on the research work was profitable and more economical.
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Soap is defined as
the sodium salt of fatty acid. It is a saponification products of fat and
oil.
The washing industry,
usually known as the soap industry, has root over 2000 years in the past, a
soap factory being found in the Pompeii excavation. However, among the
many chemical process industries, none has experience such a fundamental change
in chemical raw materials as have the washing industries. It has been
generally accepted that the per capital use of toilet soap is a reliable guide
to the standard of living for any country.
Moreover, the process
of soap making has progressed from batch-wise saponification process to
continous saponification process, which was first installed in 1937 by procter
and gamble.
In otherwords, soap
is the earliest detergent known to man and apparently was first made by the
Roman from animal’s fats and wood ashes (which contains the alkali potassium
carbonate) about 2500 years ago. In colonial America and until the 1940s,
most soap was manufactured by an alkaline hydrolysis reaction called
saponification.
1.1
SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH WORK
This project is
concerned with the production of a high quality soap from local raw materials
such as palm kernel oil, hence emphasis shall be placed on soaps rather than on
soapless detergents.
The making of soap is
one of the oldest of chemical synthesis/whom the German tribeman of Caeser time
boiled goat tallow with potash leached from the ashes of wood fire’s they were
carrying out the some chemical reactions as the one carried out on a tremendous
scale by modern soap manufacturers, hydrolysis of glycerine which yields salt
of the carboxylic acids and glycerol.
Soap may vary in
composition and method of processing: if made from olive oil, it is enstile
soap; alcohol can be added to make it transparent; our can be beaten in to make
it float; perfumes, dyes, germicides can be added; if a potassium salt (instead
of a sodium salt) is used; it is a soft soap. Chemically however, soap
remains pretty much the same and does its job the same way.
The overall objective
of this research project is geared towards producing soap of very good quality
from palm kernel oil at a very economic way.
1.2
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
RESEARCH
Soap can be produced
with a wide range variety of raw material. It basic composition is a
product of an alkali, or a mixture of alkalis an oil or its blend.
However, from literature survey, it was found that various types of oils
differed, consequently their soap product differed.
In this research
work, high quality industrial soap can be produced using palm kernel oil.
The work involves working out the soap formulae and using the formulations to
produce soap. The soaps so produced will then be tested analytically to
determine their various physical and chemical properties. Finally,
recommendations will be made.
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