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HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND OF BENIN GREETINGS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
THE ORIGIN OF BENIN
There are many versions of the origin of Benin or more appropriately the Edo
people. Chief Dr. Jacob Egharevba account stated that many years ago, the Bini’s
came all the way from Egypt to found a more secure shelter in this part of the
world after a short stay in the Sudan and at Ile-Ife which accounts take no
real cognizance of the culture which migrant people bring along with themselves
to their new founded land.
As a further proof that the Edo people do not come from Egypt, one may say that
the Egyptian writing culture is significantly absent in the Benin (Edo)
culture. The origin of the Edo people remains on Edo land and cannot have it origin
from Egypt which lends none of her culture to the Edo. The nearest in form and
style to Edo culture is that of ancient Romans whose law, culture, social and
architectural forms compare in similar terms to the ancient Benin (Edo).
This is not to say that the Benin’s migrated from Rome but it indicates that
life springs up at different points on the earth surface and the Edo people
cannot be excluded from such a natural phenomenon. In short, no one can say
where the people came from the Edo mythology says that Benin is the cradle of
the world. It is believed that the Oba of Benin (King of Benin) owns the land
as given to him by God Almighty. The Binis are the dominant sub-group of the
total ethnic group know as the Edo the tribe of this ethnic group are among the
numerous tribes that occupy Edo state of Nigeria as a result of migrations and
various quarrels among them in the early century, some Edo’s left the kingdom
this exodus explain the origin of several Edo’s tribe, including Ishan Owan Akoko
–Edo Esako Urhobos etc.
The local government areas which are predominantly
Benin territory are Oredo having Benin City as its headquarters, Uhunmwonde
having Eho as its headquarters, Ovia North East having Okada as its
headquarters and Ovia South West having Iguobazuwa as the headquarters, Benin
City is also known and called Oredo and it is the traditional headquarters of
the Bins.
WHO ARE THE EDO
PEOPLE
The Edo people of South Western Nigeria are divided into a number of sub-Units.
The people of Benin occupied the heart land of the territorial patrimony of the
Edo race and they constitute the people of Benin Kingdom. The principal town of
the Edos is Benin City and it is the ethnic rally point of the Edo race from
Benin City each of the ethnic sub-Unit drawn spiritual substance and derives
her sense of racial identification. Benin is called Edo by its inhabitation.
The Edo constitute the people of Benin Kingdom whose land is terminous with the
present Oredo, Ovia, Uhunmwonde and Orhionmwon Local Government Area, a
satisfactory explanation why this sub-unit came to be known by the name Edo is
desirable as it will throw more light on those parts of our history which still
remain obscure. The edos (Binis) do not call themselves by the genetic name of
the race Edo and in some contexts Ivbie Edo. The origin of the current name Edo
is fully documented by chief Egharevba (1954) as follows:
“Edo
was a slave to the Ogiefa He saved Eware from a sudden death When he was about
to be arrested by the chiefs. In order to immoralise the name of his defied
friend, Edo, for the good service he rendered him (Eware) changed the name of
the city from Igodomigodo to Edo according to his friend’s name.
The
same individual that refers to himself as Ovbiedo (child of Edo) or Ovien Oba
which literally means kings slave but in essence a subject of the oba (king)
and so not served bounded individual as some European writers have interpreted
the expression. The ovbiedo or ovien oba must specifically speaks of himself as
a child of his village or his region of the kingdom in which he lives. The
major regions are defined by the people in terms of the main rivers, this
explain the description Iyeke Ogba (trans Ogba) Iyeke Ovia (trans Ovia) Iyeke
Orhionmwon (trans Orhionmwon) and Iyeke Ikpoba (trans Ikpoba)
OCCUPATION OF THE
BINIS
The occupation of the Binis is mainly farming (Ugbo nagbe) trading (eki nado).
There are also involved in hunting )obafi) and crafts.
EDO SALUTATION
The
Edo name for greeting is otue and the Binis strongly believed that when
character is lost all is lost. Character being respect honour and dignity which
all make up greeting. It is the natural law that the young one must greet the
elder first but this is reversed when the younger one fall sick and the elder
has to greet first. Greetings (otue) are peculiar ways of respect to co-equals
juniors and elders are held by the culture and tradition of the people.
Culture
which could be seen as the general pattern or way of life of the people
includes beliefs customs tradition and morals. Traditional greetings differ
from one culture to another. The English from good morning, good afternoon to
good evening as permitted by their culture and tradition. This is applicable to
other cultures in the world but in different, words that might mean the same
thing. In Nigeria where there are over one hundred different ethnic groups,
they equally have variation in their ways of greetings Benin a home of culture
and tradition, where the Binis are in the majority have diverse ways of
greetings (otue) for any action exhibited, it has a particular greeting that
goes with it.
The
focus of this project is on the differences in greetings generally as well as
in the diverse form of greeting adapted from one family (egbe) to another, and
also their historical background. The greeting begin from lamogun which is
solely for royalty those that are of the royal linage (egbe oba). This is
unlike her close neighbor the urhobos which has one form of greeting in the
morning for example miguo means my knees on the ground. Every family in Benin
has its own identification greeting known as (ukhu egbe) which is peculiar to
the lineage (unien). Every member of the family renders it to his/her elder in
the morning. The same family greeting can still be rendered at any time of the
day. This exception will however, validity applies if the giver sender is
seeing the receiver for the first time on that day. This links us up with the
saying in Edo that eghe a ya rhiorre o re owie.
The
reason why a study of the extended family greeting (ukhu egbe) of the Binis is
to be carried out are as follows:
1. Since
greetings (otue) is a part of the culture of the Binis, there is need to know
the different types and the origin of Bini greetings (otue Edo).
2. To
enable the Bini child know and internalize his/her culture property instead of
the good morning, good afternoon the western civilization.
3. To
enable any Bini child know more about his/her own seasons.
4. To
enable the Bini child us the appropriate form of greeting (otue) at the
appropriate time event and season.
STATEMENT OF
PROBLEMS
Benin as a home of culture and tradition has not much documented facts to show
for the diversities in their traditional salutation (otue) from one family to
another.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
STUDY
Amongst the Binis, salutation (otue) is considered very important because. It
is seen as a way of showing respect to elders and it is also a part of the
people way of life that is their culture. Tylor defines culture as that complex
whole of man’s acquisitions of knowledge, moral, beliefs, art, customs
technology etc which are share and transmitted from generation to generation.
1.
This project work is geared towards the expansion of knowledge in the area of
greeting in Benin (Ukhu egbe na a tue vbe edo).
2.
It is to enable this generation and those yet unborn to uniqueness of their own
family greetings.
3.
It will serve as a reminder to the Binis about the origin of family greeting
(Omuhen O Ghe Ukhu Ne A Tue Vbe Edo).
4.
It will score as a resource materials to students and scholars who are
interested Benin greetings and history.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This research work will be limited to Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State
for the following reasons;
1.
Oredo is the central seat of the administration that is, it is where the Oba of
Benin (Omo N’ Oba N’ Edo Uku Akpolokpolo Oba Erediauwa) as the traditional head
has his throne and from where he administer the kingdom.
2.
Oredo is regarded as the major town among Bini towns and Villages.
3.
All other extended families including chiefs and Enigies Edo (as well as than
subjects) of other earthly groups in Edo land have their attributes in Benin.
4.
Oredo is regarded as the cultural centre of the Binis.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Greeting – first
words used on seeing somebody or in writing to somebody
Culture – State of
intellectual development of a people
Tradition – Handing
down from generation to generation of opinions beliefs customs etc
Others in Edo means
greeting: salutation in English
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND OF BENIN GREETINGS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
THE ORIGIN OF BENIN
There are many versions of the origin of Benin or more appropriately the Edo
people. Chief Dr. Jacob Egharevba account stated that many years ago, the
Bini’s came all the way from Egypt to found a more secure shelter in this part
of the world after a short stay in the Sudan and at Ile-Ife which accounts take
no real cognizance of the culture which migrant people bring along with
themselves to their new founded land.
As a further proof that the Edo people do not come from Egypt, one may say that
the Egyptian writing culture is significantly absent in the Benin (Edo)
culture. The origin of the Edo people remains on Edo land and cannot have it
origin from Egypt which lends none of her culture to the Edo. The nearest in
form and style to Edo culture is that of ancient Romans whose law, culture,
social and architectural forms compare in similar terms to the ancient Benin
(Edo).
This is not to say that the Benin’s migrated from Rome but it indicates that
life springs up at different points on the earth surface and the Edo people
cannot be excluded from such a natural phenomenon. In short, no one can say
where the people came from the Edo mythology says that Benin is the cradle of
the world. It is believed that the Oba of Benin (King of Benin) owns the land
as given to him by God Almighty. The Binis are the dominant sub-group of the
total ethnic group know as the Edo the tribe of this ethnic group are among the
numerous tribes that occupy Edo state of Nigeria as a result of migrations and
various quarrels among them in the early century, some Edo’s left the kingdom
this exodus explain the origin of several Edo’s tribe, including Ishan Owan
Akoko –Edo Esako Urhobos etc.
The local government areas which are predominantly
Benin territory are Oredo having Benin City as its headquarters, Uhunmwonde
having Eho as its headquarters, Ovia North East having Okada as its
headquarters and Ovia South West having Iguobazuwa as the headquarters, Benin
City is also known and called Oredo and it is the traditional headquarters of
the Bins.
WHO ARE THE EDO
PEOPLE
The Edo people of South Western Nigeria are divided into a number of sub-Units.
The people of Benin occupied the heart land of the territorial patrimony of the
Edo race and they constitute the people of Benin Kingdom. The principal town of
the Edos is Benin City and it is the ethnic rally point of the Edo race from
Benin City each of the ethnic sub-Unit drawn spiritual substance and derives
her sense of racial identification. Benin is called Edo by its inhabitation.
The Edo constitute the people of Benin Kingdom whose land is terminous with the
present Oredo, Ovia, Uhunmwonde and Orhionmwon Local Government Area, a
satisfactory explanation why this sub-unit came to be known by the name Edo is
desirable as it will throw more light on those parts of our history which still
remain obscure. The edos (Binis) do not call themselves by the genetic name of
the race Edo and in some contexts Ivbie Edo. The origin of the current name Edo
is fully documented by chief Egharevba (1954) as follows:
“Edo
was a slave to the Ogiefa He saved Eware from a sudden death When he was about
to be arrested by the chiefs. In order to immoralise the name of his defied
friend, Edo, for the good service he rendered him (Eware) changed the name of
the city from Igodomigodo to Edo according to his friend’s name.
The
same individual that refers to himself as Ovbiedo (child of Edo) or Ovien Oba
which literally means kings slave but in essence a subject of the oba (king)
and so not served bounded individual as some European writers have interpreted
the expression. The ovbiedo or ovien oba must specifically speaks of himself as
a child of his village or his region of the kingdom in which he lives. The
major regions are defined by the people in terms of the main rivers, this
explain the description Iyeke Ogba (trans Ogba) Iyeke Ovia (trans Ovia) Iyeke
Orhionmwon (trans Orhionmwon) and Iyeke Ikpoba (trans Ikpoba)
OCCUPATION OF THE
BINIS
The occupation of the Binis is mainly farming (Ugbo nagbe) trading (eki nado).
There are also involved in hunting )obafi) and crafts.
EDO SALUTATION
The
Edo name for greeting is otue and the Binis strongly believed that when
character is lost all is lost. Character being respect honour and dignity which
all make up greeting. It is the natural law that the young one must greet the
elder first but this is reversed when the younger one fall sick and the elder
has to greet first. Greetings (otue) are peculiar ways of respect to co-equals
juniors and elders are held by the culture and tradition of the people.
Culture
which could be seen as the general pattern or way of life of the people
includes beliefs customs tradition and morals. Traditional greetings differ
from one culture to another. The English from good morning, good afternoon to
good evening as permitted by their culture and tradition. This is applicable to
other cultures in the world but in different, words that might mean the same
thing. In Nigeria where there are over one hundred different ethnic groups,
they equally have variation in their ways of greetings Benin a home of culture
and tradition, where the Binis are in the majority have diverse ways of
greetings (otue) for any action exhibited, it has a particular greeting that
goes with it.
The
focus of this project is on the differences in greetings generally as well as
in the diverse form of greeting adapted from one family (egbe) to another, and
also their historical background. The greeting begin from lamogun which is
solely for royalty those that are of the royal linage (egbe oba). This is
unlike her close neighbor the urhobos which has one form of greeting in the
morning for example miguo means my knees on the ground. Every family in Benin
has its own identification greeting known as (ukhu egbe) which is peculiar to
the lineage (unien). Every member of the family renders it to his/her elder in
the morning. The same family greeting can still be rendered at any time of the
day. This exception will however, validity applies if the giver sender is
seeing the receiver for the first time on that day. This links us up with the
saying in Edo that eghe a ya rhiorre o re owie.
The
reason why a study of the extended family greeting (ukhu egbe) of the Binis is
to be carried out are as follows:
5. Since
greetings (otue) is a part of the culture of the Binis, there is need to know
the different types and the origin of Bini greetings (otue Edo).
6. To
enable the Bini child know and internalize his/her culture property instead of
the good morning, good afternoon the western civilization.
7. To
enable any Bini child know more about his/her own seasons.
8. To
enable the Bini child us the appropriate form of greeting (otue) at the
appropriate time event and season.
STATEMENT OF
PROBLEMS
Benin as a home of culture and tradition has not much documented facts to show
for the diversities in their traditional salutation (otue) from one family to
another.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
STUDY
Amongst the Binis, salutation (otue) is considered very important because. It
is seen as a way of showing respect to elders and it is also a part of the
people way of life that is their culture. Tylor defines culture as that complex
whole of man’s acquisitions of knowledge, moral, beliefs, art, customs
technology etc which are share and transmitted from generation to generation.
5.
This project work is geared towards the expansion of knowledge in the area of
greeting in Benin (Ukhu egbe na a tue vbe edo).
6.
It is to enable this generation and those yet unborn to uniqueness of their own
family greetings.
7.
It will serve as a reminder to the Binis about the origin of family greeting
(Omuhen O Ghe Ukhu Ne A Tue Vbe Edo).
8.
It will score as a resource materials to students and scholars who are
interested Benin greetings and history.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This research work will be limited to Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State
for the following reasons;
5.
Oredo is the central seat of the administration that is, it is where the Oba of
Benin (Omo N’ Oba N’ Edo Uku Akpolokpolo Oba Erediauwa) as the traditional head
has his throne and from where he administer the kingdom.
6.
Oredo is regarded as the major town among Bini towns and Villages.
7.
All other extended families including chiefs and Enigies Edo (as well as than
subjects) of other earthly groups in Edo land have their attributes in Benin.
8.
Oredo is regarded as the cultural centre of the Binis.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Greeting – first
words used on seeing somebody or in writing to somebody
Culture – State of
intellectual development of a people
Tradition – Handing
down from generation to generation of opinions beliefs customs etc
Others in Edo means
greeting: salutation in English
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