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INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY IN PETROLEUM AND CHEMICAL INDUSTRIAL
ABSTRACT
Industrial wastewater treatment covers
the mechanisms and process used to treat water that have been contaminated in
some way by anthropogenic industrial or commercial activities prior to its
release into the environment or its re-use.
Water is a natural and inorganic solvent with the composition of hydrogen and
oxygen only (H20). When there is addition of other organic or
inorganic, substances (high levels of nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorous) in
water which may come as a result of weather change domestic, waste, industrial
waste, lack of awareness and ignorance, then the water is known as waste water
which cause a disease called water borne diseases.
Wastewater is very dangerous especially to human beings and should be treated
to avoid these dangerous diseases.
There are many method of treating waste water and they include:
-
Primary Method
-
Secondary Method
-
Tertiary Method
The primary method involves many
treatment process such as;- screening process, skimming process and
sedimentation process.
The secondary method of treatment also involves such treatment process such as
aerated lagoons process, trickling filters process etc.
The tertiary method is the final method that involves disinfections
process. This process is used to polish and bring back the quality of
water which include: PH value, hardness, flories, taste suspended solid, colour
etc (Uche, 2011).
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Water is essential for the survival of
any form of life. On an average, a human being consumer about 2 litres of
water everyday. Water accounts for about 70% of the weight of a human
body. About 80% of the earth’s surface (ie 80% of the total 500 million
hectares in area) is covered by water. Out of the estimated 1,11 million
km3 of the total water present on earth, only 33,400m3 of
water is available for drinking, agriculture domestic and industrial
consumption. The rest of the water is locked up in oceans as salt water,
polar ice caps and glaciers and underground. Owing to increased
industrialization on one hand and exploding population on the other, the
demands of water supply have been increasing tremendously.
However, consideration, part of this limited quality of water is contained by
sewage, industrial waste and a wide array of synthetic chemicals. The
menace of water-borne diseases and epidemics still threatens the well being of
population, particularly in under-developed and developing countries.
Thus, the quality as well as the quantity of clean water supply is of
importance for the welfare of mankind (cheremissinof 1981).
1.1 INDUSTRIAL
WASTEWATER
An industry is a place or an
establishment for the production or making of things (products) in factories or
companies. Industry uses large volume of water in its manufacturing and
supporting operations. Indeed, the chemical petroleum and other industries
uses a large volume of water that fare exceeds the combined volume of
other raw materials, finishing operation generally draw appreciable quantities
of water. But it is not the water entering industrial works that actually
becomes part of the manufactured product, a small fraction of the water is
consumed or lost by evaporation while the larger fraction is not used or is
employed non-consumptively.
The water that is employed non-consumptively becomes spent water and many
contain mainly waste (Pollutants or contaminants) and that is the reason it is
called wastewater. When untreated wastewater accumulates and is allowed
to go septic, the decomposition of the organic matter it contains will lead to
nuisance condition including the production of mal-odorous
gases. It can also contain pathogenic micro organisms that dwell in the
human intestinal tract and nutrients which can stimulate the growth of aquatic
plant and toxic compounds that potential may be mutagenic and
carcinogenic. For these reason, the immediate and nuisance free removal
of wastewater from its source of generation, followed by treatment, reuse or
disposal into the environment is necessary to protect public health and the
environment.
1.2 DEFINITION OF
WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT
wastewater treatment is the collection,
processing, treating, recycling or disposal of waste material in water (usually
waste produced by human activities) in order to reduce their effect on human
health and the environment.
Industrial wastewater, treatment covers the mechanism and processes used to
treat waters that have been contaminated in some way by anthropogenic
industrial or commercial activities prior to its release into the environment
or its re-uses.
It can also be defined as the application of scientific and advanced methods in
the recycling or disposal of unwanted water or combination of liquid removed
from factories or companies like chemical and petroleum industries (Bachok et
al, 1967).
1.3 TO TREAT, REUSE
AN DISPOSE WASTE WATER, IT IS NECESSARY TO HAVE KNOWLEDGE OF THE FOLLOWING
i.
constituent of wastewater.
ii.
Effect of these constituent when water is dispersed into the environment.
iii.
The transformation and long-term fate of these constituents in the treatment
processes.
iv. Treatment
methods that can be used to remove the
constituent found in
the wastewater.
v.
Methods for beneficial use or disposal of the solid generated by the treatment
system.
1.3.1
CONSTITUENT OF WASTEWATER FROM CHEMICAL AND PETROLEUM INDUSTRIES
Chemical industry comprise the
companies that produce industrial chemicals while a petroleum industry is an
industry or company that refines oils and petro-chemical products.
The component of their waste can be classified into the following:
i.
Organic waste such as oxygen demanding waste, disease causing waste, synthetic
organic compounds, and oil pollutant/ waste.
ii.
Inorganic waste: this comprise of mineral acids, inorganic salts, finely
divided metals, or metal compounds, trace elements, cyanides, sulphate,
nitrates, etc.
iii.
Suspended solids and sediments are mostly contributed by soil erosion by
natural processes, agricultural development, strip mining and construction
activities.
1.3.2 Effects of these constituents
Oxygen demanding waste causes depletion
of dissolved oxygen (2.0) from the water and these is harmful to aquatic
organisms.
Disease causing waste such pathogenic microorganism cause dangerous water borne
disease like cholera, typhoid, dysentery and polio. Synthetic organic compounds
such as peticides, insecticides and other chemicals are very toxic to plants
and animals and humans. Some of them causes offensive, odours and tastes
in water.
Oil waste cause reduction of light transmission through surface waters thereby
reducing photo synthesis by marina plants. Also, it reduce the dissolved
oxygen (D.O) in water and endangers water birds, coastal plants and animals.
In organic waste stimulate algal growths in water and metal toxicity in aquatic
ecosystem.
It causes chromosome damage and interfere with the process of heredity in man.
1.4
WATER QUALITY
The three parameters for assessing
water quality are: physical, chemical and biological characteristic of water
(Uche, 2010).
1.4.1 PHYSICAL WATER QUALITY PARAMETER
Physical parameters analyze those
characteristics of water that respond to the sense of sight, touch, taste, and
smell. Suspended solids, turbidity, colour, odur and temperature are the
main factors that asses the physical water quality.
1.4.2 CHEMCIAL WATER QUALITY
The chemical properties necessary for
water quality management are; total dissolved solid (TDS), PH (alkalinity)
hardness, fluorides, metals and organic compounds.
I.
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS): Dissolved solids are the materials remaining
after the filtration in which the suspended solids are separated and discarded.
The dissolved materials results from the solvent action of water on solids,
liquids and gases. Like suspended materials, dissolved substances may be
organic or inorganic in nature. Inorganic substances which can dissolved
in water are minerals, metal and gases. The sources of contact with these
substances are in the atmosphere, on surfaces within the soil. Some of the
common organic dissolved constituents of water are material from decay products
of vegetation, organic chemicals and organic gases.
II.
PH(Alkalinity): Alkalinity is described as the quantity of ions in water
that will neutralize hydrogen ions. Alkalinity is simply the ability of
water to neutralize acids.
The
constituent of alkalinity in neutral water systems are C02-, 0H-,
HSi03-2, H2B032-, HPo =
HS etc. The presence of these compounds in water in through dissolution
of mineral substances in the atmosphere and within the soil.
III.
HARDNESS
This is concerned
with the concentration of multivalent metallic cations is solution. At
supersaturated conditions, the hardness cations will react with anions in the
water to form a solid precipitate.
IV.
Fluorides: Flourides ions are among the few chemical substances that are needed
to enhances the water at a small quantity. At large quantities, fluorides
is toxic to men and animals. The floride concentration of approximately
1.0mg/L in drinking water help to prevent dental cavities in children.
V.
Metals: The sources of metals in natural waters are through dissolution from
natural deposits and discharges of domestic, industrial or agricultural
wastewater. All metals are soluble to some extent in water. While
excessive amounts of any metal may present health hazards, only those metals
that are harmful in relatively small amount are commonly regarded as toxic.
VI.
Organic: Most natural organics are the decay products of orgnics solids, while
synthetic organics are usually the result of waste water discharge or
agricultural practices. Dissolve organics in water are usually divided
into two broad categories, biodegrade and non-biodegradable.
Biodegradable material consists of organic that caneb utilized for food by
naturally occurring micro-organisms within a reasonable length of time.
They include: starches, fats proteins, esters and adelydes. Non
biodegradable organic are materials that are resistant to biological
degradation, they include; tonnic and liquid acid, cellulose and phenols which
are most often found in water.
1.4.3
BIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY
Water serves as a medium, in which most
of the micro organisms reside. Aquatic organisms range in size and
complexity from the smallest single cell micro –orgnism to the largest
fish. All members of the biological community are to some extent serving
as water quality assessment as the presence or absence may indicate in general
term the characteristics of a given water body.
1.5 TREATMENT
METHOD
The method of treating wastewater are
classified into the following:
i.
Primary Treatment
ii.
Secondary Treatment
iii.
Tertiary Treatment
Primary Treatment
This is a types of treatment that
involves the removal of materials that can easily be collected from the raw
wastewater and a physical operation usually sedimentation is used to remove the
floating and settlable materials found in the wastewater. Examples of
materials that can be removed during primary treatment include; large objects,
rags, goit, fats, oil and grease and floating materials.
Secondary Treatment
This involves the use of biological
/chemical processes in removing most of the organic matter.
Tertiary (Advances) Treatment
This involves the use of physical and
chemical process in removing residual suspended solids and constituents that
are not reduced significantly by conventional secondary treatment. It is
aimed at polishing the effluent from the secondary treatment process in order
to improve the quality of the water.
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