PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOFT SOAP FROM LOCAL POTASH (NGU) OR CAUSTIC POTASH LABORATORY OR COMMERCIAL GRADE
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PRODUCTION AND
CHARACTERIZATION OF SOFT SOAP FROM LOCAL POTASH (NGU) OR CAUSTIC POTASH
LABORATORY OR COMMERCIAL GRADE
ABSTRACTS
This project was aimed at producing a
fine high quality toilet soap at a low cost which will be of used to home and
commercial purposes.
The toilet soap produced has its major
components caustic potash, palm kernel oil (pKo) caustic soda and soda ash.
Other additives are perfume, coaming agent, sodium tripotiphosphate (STPP),
colour, ptenus, glycerine, sodium silicate and pac-R or stabilizer. And a cold
process was employed in the production.
However, at the end of the production,
a light pink coloured toilet soap was produced which is of a high quality
smooth with pleasant aroma and high foaming quality and at affordable cost.
Finally, there is little or no
different when comparing this soap to the commercial grade because of its
ability to lather, mildness to skin, colour (ester and bright looking), odour,
shelf-life and stability of moisture content of firmness.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter one
1.0
Introduction
1.2
Objectives
1.3
economic importance of soap
1.4
scope
chapter
two
2.0
literature
review
2.1
chemistry of
soap
2.3
Extraction of Alkali from
Ngu
2.4
Raw material used for soap
production
2.5
Methods of soap
production
2.6
Cleaning action of
soap
Chapter
three
3.1
Experimental
3.2
Apparatus and material
used
3.3
Experimental
procedure
3.4
Results and data analysis
Chapter
four
3.0
Discussion
4.2
Conclusion
4.3
Recommendation
Chapter five
References
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
The metal salts of the high molecular
weight organics acids that occurs in fats as esters are called “soap” soaps are
alkali salts of a fatty acid and or are detergents derived from naturally
occurring oils, fats and waxed which in turns are available from vegetable
sources.
Scientifically, soaps can be defined as
a chemical compound or mixture of chemical compound that resulting from the
interaction of fatty glyceride with a metal radical or organic base. The metal
generally concerned with soap production are sodium (Na) and potassium (k),
which produces water-soluble soap.
Soap belong to a class of the products
that have the ability for cleaning materials/substances. It obtains the its
useful cleaning characteristic from the combination of a long chaim
hydrocarbon, which has good solvent action on others hydeocarbon, and its high
water solubility.
Soft soap such as toilet soap, uses
higher quality fat with water content reduced to about 10% or less. This soap
is could and flaked, and passed through a hot air drying oven to reduce the water
content prior to milling. Trace constituents are metered at the milling stage,
since the soap is dried and higher pressure are required and subsequent
plodding, the properties of the soft soap produced depends mainly on the alkali
(potassium) and the fat/oil need. Due to this properties, it can be dissolved
in water easily with high formability which makes it easy for washing soft
soaps also contain additives such s perfumes, dyes, and antiseptic like sodium
Tripoliphosphate (STPP).
The main difficulty with soaps is that
in hard water which typically contains calcium (ca) ions, the soap propitiates
as an insoluble calcium salt and this creates various problems particularly in
laundering cloths. Soap contains a basic cleaning agent called a “surfactants
or surface active agent”. The surface active agents consist of molecules
that attach themselves to the dirt particles. The molecules pull these dirt
particles out of the materials and hold them in the wash water until they are
rinsed away.
Successful improvement in the
production of soap industries have made it possible for the soap to receive
public patronage as a result of certain materials that were added, vix
alky/benzene sulphanate (ABS), which originated from the petrochemicals such as
prophlene and benzene. This involves alkylatin of benzene with propylene and
consequent suphonation of the resultant alky/benzene with sulphuric acid.
The alky/benzene sulphnates suffers
from a major disadvantage; micro organism cannot degrade them, also the
disposal of the waste products of soap causes a serious environmental
pollution. As a result of this, in era alky/benzene sulphonate were developed
which are more easily degraded by micro-organism.
Soap being derived from naturally
substances were developed long before the mechanism of the detergent. There are
a number of soaps prepared for special uses. Scouring soaps contain sand,
pumice or similar material for abrasive action. Medicated soaps and soaps that
smell like sheep dip contain antiseptics, and tailow is the must
important fat for the production of soap, although coconut, babassu and
palm-kernel oils are used in conjunction with tallow.
The term soap is broad enough to
include the metal salts of carboxylic acids which are not used for cleaning
purposes.
Those include the aluminum ,
calcium and aithium soaps used in greases, aluminum soaps used in cosmetics and
zinc soaps used in antiseptic powers. Other metal soaps are used for water
proofing, as derivers in paints, to kill fungi and as mordents.
1.2
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this project are:
a.
to produce soft soap either from the
local potash (Ngu) or from the laboratory grade.
b. To
compare the characteristic of the soft soap produced with the characteristics
of the either soaps produced from different sources.
c.
To provide a means of producing soft
soaps in the most economic way for the commercial grade.
1.3
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF SOAP
Soap have many household and industrial
beneficial uses. People use these products to wash their dishes and laundry to
scrub flours, to clean wall and windows and to do may other household job.
Industrially, soaps and detergents can
be used as cleaners, lubricants, softeners and polishers. For instance tire
manufactures apply soap to hot tire to prevent them foom sticking to the moulds
used in vulcanizing or hardening rubber. However, therefore, soaps can be used
to polish jewelry and to soften leather for shoes and purses.
1.4
SCOPE
The scope of this project work is
limited to the production and characterization of the soft soap from the
caustic potash for commercial grade.
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