ROUTE SURVEY OF ROAD AND PAVEMENT DESIGN (REHABILITATION/MODERNIZATION) CASE STUDY: ROAD LINKING FEDERAL SECRETARIAT INDUSTRIAL CENTRE AND MASS COMMUNICATION DEPARTMENT (IMT CAMPUS III), ENUGU
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ROUTE
SURVEY OF ROAD AND PAVEMENT DESIGN (REHABILITATION/MODERNIZATION)
CASE
STUDY: ROAD LINKING FEDERAL SECRETARIAT INDUSTRIAL CENTRE AND MASS
COMMUNICATION DEPARTMENT (IMT CAMPUS III), ENUGU
ABSTRACT
The study cover a
view and a detailed explanation of the modification required to be carried out
on the main access road linkage of the Campus III Industrial center from
federal Secretariat to Mass Communication Department of the Institution in
order to update its services and functions.
The need for easing
the flow of traffic on this access road shall rise, since it s a commercial
center in the institution. It is required that the toad be revamped and
generally upgraded. The existing road is no longer in peak condition and a
result of traffic growth.
The study
modification therefore involves the assessment of the roads present condition,
involving carrying out side test, and surveys etc, as to what could be done and
how best to enhance traffic flow.
TABLE CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
General introduction
Design application
Aim and objective
Advantages of road
Reconnaissance survey
Route survey
CHAPTER TWO
Theodolite transversing of the road
control
Importance of theodoversing
Equipment used on traversing
Procedure
Conversion of angles to bearing
(whole area bearing
Rectanglar co-ordinate
CHAPTER THREE
Field leveling work general survey
Need for preliminary survey leveling
work
Technical term used in leveling
Aim
Application of leveling
Instrument in leveling’
Operation condition’’
Leveling of the road
Reduction of filed data
Brief description on profile and cross
sectional leveling
Uses of profile plot
Leveling tabulating
Earth work computation
CHAPTER FOUR
Soil identification/laboratory test
Soil identification
Laboratory test performed in soil
Test to be carried out
Soil sampling
Sieve/particles size analysis
Aim and scope
Material and equipment
Test producers
Constancy limits
Liquid limit of soil
Objective and scope
Material and equipment
Test procedure
Plasticity index
Soil classification based in plasticity
Significance fo the study
Compaction
Objective and scope
Materials and equipment
Test procedure
California bearing ratio (cbr)
Objective scope
Material and equipment
Test procedure
Borrow materials for sub-base
Laboratory test on the borrowed
materials
Cbr rating
Tabulation for mechanical analysis
CHAPTER FIVE
Design vehicles
Design speed
Highway capacity
Deign guide
Design period
Basic design element horizontal
alignment
Vertical alignment
Vertical curvature
Standard for grade
Co-ordination of vertical and
horizontal alignment
Deign of curves
Pavement layers
Pavement design
Design facts the engineer should know
for design
Preparation
Pavement widening
Pavement material
Component pavement and their functions
Design of road pavement
Calculation of cbr value
Vertical and horizontal curve design
Design procedure
Services life of pavement
Drainage design
Basic policy on drainage design
Road side drainage channels
Erosion protection
Conclusion and recommendation
Reference
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The importance of road to life and activities can not be overemphasized.
Roads have important role to play in the transportation system of the
country. Good transportation system through the pavement design has in the
recent years provide to be of much significance commercially and otherwise
history testifies that the provision of roadways is necessary to draw a country
out of a state of uncivilization, but that civilization is not attained until
good road network between neigbours is made so easy that the local difference
which brench narrowness is minimized.
However this project
has been designed strictly to modern design standards e.g ASSHO method and it
centers on the route survey and pavement design of the road to meet with the
present day effective services.
Moreover, this
project work could really sever as a future guide in making a new rural
road, down to industrial layout to connect mass comm..
Therefore being in a
school environment a good transportation system will improve the
healthy studying condition of the new road pavement and maintenance of the
existing one.
1.1
RELEVANCE OF PROJECT
The roadway linking
Federal Secretariat industrial centre and Mass Communication Department is an
earth road of about 0.620km in length whose origin can be traced back to the
origin of the I.M.T campus III environment.
The project work has
its relevance centered on the general design of a roadway which will link
federal secretariat, industrial centre and Mass communication Department in
order to ensure a hitch free traffic especially to the lecturer, visitors and
students making use of that industrial centres
However the
improvement of this roadway would grieve the students and lecturers the
service of belonging as it gives easier access to masscom. Department.
1.2
SITE INSPECTION
This project site
which is the roadway linking Federal Secretariat industrial centre and Mass
Communication Department was inspected to ascertain its location and the
present state of the road. It was vividly observed that the area was a
dusty roadway throughout its length and had been graded without
siderains, spanning about 620m length with the width of 85m.
To obtain these
information, a preliminary survey was carried out which also helped to
ascertain the geological and soil conditions likely intervals forming the
chainages to be referred to until the construction id\s brought to a
completion.
1.3
EVALUATION OF ROAD NETWORK W NIGERIA
There are three types of roads in
Nigeria
-
Grade I: Surface dressed road
-
Grade II: laterite on natural soil road
-
Grade III road on nature soil
Road, which were
built earlier in Nigeria, were built as grade III roads, which consist of roads
built on level earth. This grace of road was subsequently improved to
grade II roads, which comprises of stone laterite on soil and on general
surface roads.
Ultimately, the road
was improved to grade I which is laterite road with good surfacing. The
surfacing is either asphalted concrete for flexible pavement (in this project
work flexible pavement will be considered).
The progressive
method of road construction produced very durable roads but because of
this rapid growth of traffic on the grade I and II this method of road
construction was discontinued and surface dressed roads were built.
Road development
receive a set back due to the development of railway in the country between
1895 and 1910 but was only revitalized early 1960when highways were built to
connect various party of the country. Today, there is virtually on state
capital (if not local government area headquarter) that is not linked directly
by a highway.
1.4
MOTOR VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS THAT AFFECT ROAD DESIGN DATA
In design of road,
the current physical characteristics of ehicle in use and the anticipated
future improvement in se are all essential. These vehicles are evaluated in
terms f a standard vehicle known a design vehicle. The design data for a road
stretch include: aix load, axle space, overall length, eight and width of the
design vehicle.
1.
Length: The length of the vehicle will affect the extra widening at curves and
minimum turning radius the passing sight distance the road capacity and parking
facilities for example 12m are recommended for a single unit truck while 20m
(19:812m) for Troilus
2.
Width: The width of the vehicle will affect the lane width the width of
shoulders and the width of parking spaces. AASHO recommends a maximum width of
2.59m.
3.
Height: The height of the vehicle will affect the overall height distance
provided under structure such as: bridges, overhead bridges electric services
lines etc. the maximum height for vehicle should not be more than 4m.
4.
Weight: The weight of vehicles affects the thickness of the pavement, ruling
and limiting gradient and design of bridges.
5.
speed: vehicle affects horizontal and vertical alignment design elevation
limiting radius, signal distances, width of pavement on straight and curves for
the purpose of this project a design speed of 30km/n is been considered. He
design speed is the maximum speed maintainable throughout the journey with
compatible safely and comfort)
1.5
DRIVER AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS
A driver could be a
vehicle rive, cyclist or pedestrian. There are no average drivers as the
capabilities of a driver changes under such effects as fatigue ,frustration,
monotony and alcohol. Much speed is the primary cause of accident.
Drivers have
different visual perception capabilities to tract promptly to conditions
requiring positive action
The major driver characteristics considered
are:
1.
Reaction time: this is the period of time, which elapses from the period the
eye of a driver registers a sene to the time muscular reaction occurs.
2.
perception time: this is the period of the much elapses before reaction time
begins. AASHO recommends combined reaction plus perception time tobe2.5 sec and
can be taken as 3 sec in complex situations.
1.6
RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY
This is a quick type
of surveyor rapid examination of the ground and its adjacent natural features
usually made with out survey instruments to limit the alternate route in
terms of cost tone or two.
In the cause of this
project, there reconnaissance survey was carried out in order to obtain a first
hand view of the road by walking through the length of the road thereby having
a clear picture of the entire roadway. This is also helped in determining the
most suitable way of carrying out the project economically in time and energy.
During the process of reconnaissance, survey stations were chosen and marked.
1.6.1
CHAIN SURVEY
The method adopted in
marking linear measurement is the linear measurement in which a employed in
making a direct measurement is dependent of the degree of accuracy required.
However in cause of this project, accuracy in measurement was maintained to a
moderate level. Obstacle such as rough ground, pedestrian traffic and motor
cycle traffic were avoided as much as possible.
1.6.2
STATION MARKING
The survey stations
were marked in such way that will fulfill the following requirement.
a.
The stations where to be easily and quickly found during survey operations.
b.
They were to be fairly permanent so that pedestrians will not easily remove
them.
c.
They were marked using bottle tops and nails at the center line of the road for
easy location of these stations, temporary stations were established at the
edge of the road using wooden pegs.
1.7
FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF STATION
These factors include
the following
1.
Easy meaning condition: stations are to be chosen in such a way as to avoid
obstructs during draining or tapping exercise.
2.
Inter-visibility: stations are to be chosen and placed in such a manner that no
station on struts the line of sight of another stations. This was considered
for both traversing and leveling.
3.
Traversing at close distance should be avoided in order to avoid angular errors
being introduced if targets at short range are not properly bisected.
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