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SELECTION OF LUBRICATING OILS
FOR VARIED ENGINE PERFORMANCE
ABSTRACT
The topic of this project is the “selection of lubricating oils for varied
engines performance”. The aim is to specify the adequate lubricating oils for
different engines. Using some equipment like hydrometer, flash point tester,
and visometer, the proportion of lubricating oils like specific gravity, flash
point and viscosity were found. These analysis were carried out on four
different kinds of lubricating oils and the variation in their properties were
observed.
It was found that different engines uses different lubricating oils. The
selection of these lubricating for the chosen engines are based on the
following factors:
1.
the
design of the engine
2.
its
operating conditions
3.
the fuel
it uses and
4.
the
period of invention of the engine.
Moreover, the manufacturer of
the engine specify the lubricating oil the particular engine will use since
they have profound knowledge of the factors above.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1
DEFINITION OF LUBRICATING OILS
Lubricating oils are those heavy fractions of fractional distillation of crude
oil which is blended with additions and which are used to reduce friction
between moving surfaces. They are distinguished from other fractions of crude
oil by their high boiling point [which is greater than 4000c] and
their high viscosity.
1.2
TYPES OF
LUBRICATING OILS
Lubricating
oils are of two types, namely
1.
automotive
lubricating oils
2.
industrial
lubricating oils
AUTOMOTIVE
LUBRICATING OILS
Automotive lubricants are the fluid
films applied mostly to the automotive parts it comprises of the following:
1.
engine
oils [petrol and diesel]
2.
hydrolic
oils
3.
compressor
oils
4.
gear
oils
INDUSTRIAL
LUBRICATING OILS
Industrial lubricants are those lubricants that are used in heavy industrial
equipment. It includes
1.
heat
transfer oils
2.
transmission
oils
1.3
THE NEED
FOR LUBRICATING OILS IN ENGINES
When one solid surface is made to slide
over another, the motion is resisted by friction between the surfaces.
[friction is the force which tends to oppose the motion of two objects in contact
with extent depending on the speed and the load. Example of this is the
overheating and eventual seizure of a dry metal bearing and the primitive
method of producing fire by melting two pieces of wood together.
Friction can be reduced, motion facilitated, and overheating prevented by
interposing a fluid film between the two surfaces. The application of the fluid
film on the moving surface is known as BUBRICATION.
Moreover, an engine consists of metal surfaces moving in relation to one
another. No matter how a metal surface is machined and how smooth it appears to
be , it presents an irregular pattern of aspenties and intervening troughs.
When two such surfaces come together the contact is not over the whole area but
is only where the aspen ties met and it is their interlocking that accounts for
the frictional resistance to motion. If sliding is enforced, friction is high
owing to the interlocking. Heat will also be generated enough to weld
asperities together.
Hence, by applying a fluid film
between the surface that are apart providing the thickness of the film is
greater than the height of the asperities and the load is insufficient to
disrupt the film. Resistance to motion is than due solely to that offered by
the fluid [that is lubricating oil]. This resistance to the flow of fluid is
known as VISCOSITY of the fluid. Friction and wear are negligible.
During the combustion of fuel in the engine, some reactions occur if not
prevented. These reactions are oxidation of the oil which lead to formation of
oil insoluble matter, generation of elements present in the fuel which are
released during fuel combustion. Also high pressure produced by heavy loads can
have an effect in the engine. These reactions above also have some effects on
the engines, the acidic substance produce react with the metal surface thereby
causing wear and corrosion on these surfaces. The high pressure produced by
heavy loads also result in difficulty of the moving parts to move. This also
lead to friction.
Consequently, lubricating oils are needed in engines to:
1.
minimize
friction and wear.
2.
to keep
the engine parts licings, piston ring groves oils ways and crank shapes] clean
by preventing engines of contaminants.
3.
to
protect metal surfaces against corrosion
4.
to cool
the working parts of the engine by transferring heat to water jackets and
crankcase and
5.
it acts
as a sealing medium between cylinder walls and piston rings.
1.4
TYPES OF
LUBRICATION
Lubrication is the process of
controlling friction and wear by the introduction of a friction-reducing film
between two moving surfaces in contact with each other. It is of different
types, namely
1.
Hydrostatic
lubrication
2.
Hydrodynamic
lubrication
3.
Elastohydrodynamic
lubrication
4.
Boundary
lubrication
HYDROSTATIC
LUBRICATION
This is the
application of lubricating oils on systems with high load under sufficient
m pressure.
HYDRODYNAMIC
LUBRICATION
This is type of lubrication which deals with the application of fluid film in
between the moving surfaces with the help of the design of the system to form a
wedge-shaped film in which sufficient pressure is generated to support the
load.
ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC
LUBRICATION
This is the application of high viscous fluid film [lubricating oil] on
machines which carry high loads.
The viscosity of the fluid helps in load bearing
capcity.
BOUNDARY
LUBRICATION
This is the type of lubrication characterized by the shearing action of the
adsorbed layer which is provided by the polar molecules which the lubricating
oils contain. The need for this type of lubrication arises when the system is
operating at high loads and the thickness of the oil may be so reduced that it
is easily ruptured. Hence contact between asperities occur.
1.5
DEFINITION
OF AN ENGINE
An engine is a complex piece of
machinery in which power is applied to do work.
1.6
THE
PURPOSE OF THIS WORK
The aim of this project is to select
lubricating of the oils like viscosity, flash point and specific gravity will
guide us into the confirmation of the specification which the engine manufacturers
give concerning the concerned engines. This project will be of much benefit to
engine users especially cdr engine owners. It will help them to find out the
engine manufacturers’ specification of their engines and then need to make use
of it.
1.7
THE
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The topic of this project is
‘selection of lubricating oils for the performance of various engines. This
project covers the selection of four different engines of vehicles and their
respective lubricating oils. The reason for the selection are specified.
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