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THE CAUSES
AND EFFECT OF CHOLERA DURING RAINY SEASON IN BENIN CITY
ABSTRACT
This research work was designed to
examine and analyze the causes and effect of cholera during rainy season in
Benin City. Seven (7) research questions were formulated and questionnaires
were administered to one hundred and fifty (150) respondents in order to gather
data for the research. Results showed that poor environmental sanitation leads
to cholera outbreak, washing of hands before eating help to prevent cholera
outbreak, drinking and batting with contaminated water leads to cholera
infection and also, poorly kept toilet causes cholera outbreak etc.
recommendations included that; government should swing into action by providing
various measures in other to prevent cholera disease in the country, our water
should be treated properly by adding chlorine before drinking and batting with
it.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
Introduction
1.1
Background to the study
1.2
Statement of problem
1.3
Purpose of the study
1.4
Research Questions
1.5
Significance of the study
1.6
Scope/Delimitation of the study
1.7
Limitation to the study
1.8
Definition of terms
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0
Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
3.0
Methodology
3.1
Research Design
3.2
Population of study
3.3
Sample and sampling techniques
3.4
Research instrument
3.5
Validity of the instrument
3.6
Administration of the instrument
3.7
Method of data analysis
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0
Data Analysis and Interpretation
4.1
Presentation of Data
4.2
Analysis of data
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1
Summary
5.2
Conclusion
5.3
Recommendation
REFERENCES
QUESTIONNAIRES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Cholera
is an infection of the small intestine that is caused by the bacterium Vibrio
cholerae 01 and 0139( Riyan 2004 & WHO 2010). The main symptoms are profuse
watery diarrhea and vomiting. Transmission is primarily through consuming
contaminated drinking water or food. The severity of the diarrhea and vomiting
can lead to rapid dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Every year there is an
estimated 3-5 million cholera cases and 100,000-120,000 deaths due cholera. The
short incubation period of two to five days, enhance the potentially explosive
pattern of out breaks (Faruque 2008 and WHO 2010). Cholera transmission is
closely linked to inadequate environmental management. Typical at-risk areas
include peri-urban slums, where basic infrastructure is not available, as well
as camps for internally displaced people or refugees, where minimum
requirements of clean water and sanitation are not met. The consequences
of a disaster – such as disruption of water and sanitation systems, or the
displacement of populations to inadequate and overcrowded camps – can increase
the risk of cholera transmission should the bacteria be present or introduced.
Epidemics have never arisen from dead bodies. Cholera remains a global threat
to public health and a key indicator of lack of social development. Recently,
the reemergence of cholera has been noted in parallel with the ever-increasing
size of vulnerable populations living in unsanitary conditions (Emch 2008 and
WHO, 2010).
Two
serogroups of v. cholera - 01 and 0139 - causes out breaks (Alexander
2008). v. cholera 01 causes the majority of outbreak, while 0139
-first indentified in Bangladash in 1992 –is confined to South-East Asia.
Non-01 and non-0139 v. cholera can cause mild diarrhea but dot not generate epidemics.
The bacteria are transmitted via contaminated drinking water or food.
Pathogenic v. cholera can survive refrigeration and freezing in food supplies.
(Reildl et al 2002) The dosage of bacteria required to cause an infection in
healthily volunteers via oral administration of living vibrios is greater
than 1000 organisms (Hartely 2006 ). After consuming an antacid,
however, cholera development in most volunteers after consumption of only
100 cholera vibrios experiments also show that vibrios
consumed
with food are more likely to cause infection than those from water alone
(Finkelstein 1996). Cases tend to be clustered by location as well as season,
with most infections occurring in children ages 1-5 years (WHO 2010).
Cholera is severe water-born infectious disease caused by the bacterium
vibrio cholerae. In 2005, 131,943 cases including 2,272 deaths have
notified from 52 countries. The year was marked by a particular significant
series of outbreaks in West Africa, which affected 14 countries and accounted
for 58% of all cholera cases world-wide (WHO 2006). In the same year Nigeria
had 4,477 cases and 174 deaths. There was reported case of cholera in 2008 in
Nigeria in which 429 death out of 6,330 cases. More so, 2,304 cases in Niger
State in which 114 were reported death in 2008 (NBS 2009). Recent years have
seen a strong trend of cholera outbreak in developing countries, including
among others, those in India (2007), Iraq (2008), Congo (2008), Zimbabwe
(2008-2009), Haiti (2010), Kenya (2010). Koko in Edo State (1989). In Nigeria,
according to UN figure, 1,555 people have died since January and 38,173 cases
have been reported. The figure is more than four times the death toll the
government reported in August (Guardian. 2010)
Cholera
is a disease characterized by profuse diarrhea accompanied with a severe
dehydration and loss of electrolyte (Colwell and Huq, 1994), caused by
toxigenic Vibrio cholerae, a serologically diverse, environmental, and
gram-negative rod bacterium (Li et al., 2002). In the absence of appropriate
treatment, there is a high mortality rate. Cholera is a major public health
concern because of its high transmissibility, death-to-case ratio and ability
to occur in epidemic and pandemic forms (Kaper et al., 1995). Cholera is
responsible for an estimated death of 120,000 globally every year (WHO, 2001),
and still continues to be a scourge worldwide covering all continents. In
developing countries with endemic areas, cholera is still very significant with
incidence of more than five million cases per year (Tauxe et al., 1994; Lan and
Reeves, 2002). The explosive epidemic nature and the severity of the disease
and the potential threat to food and water supplies have prompted the listing
of V. cholerae as an organism of biological defense research (Zhang et al.,
2003). In an epidemic, the great majority of cases can be recognized by
clinical diagnosis easily and a bacteriological diagnosis is often not
required.
Cholera
is endemic in Nigeria (Falade and Lawoyin, 1999) and epidemiological features
(Utsalo et al., 1991, 1992; Eko et al., 1994; Hutin et al., 2003) have been
reported from various parts of the country with investigations on possible
sources of outbreaks. Outbreaks of cholera had been reported from various State
in Nigeria such as Ogun, Edo, Pleatue State etc, of Nigeria. Investigations on
outbreak of cholera in Nigeria have focused on the epidemiological features,
the probable source of contamination and the risk factors without spatial
linkage of health data. However, advances in Geographical Information Systems
(GIS) technology provides this opportunity and have become an indispensible
tool for processing, analyzing and visualizing spatial data within the domains
of environmental health, disease ecology and public health (Kistemann et al.,
2002).
The
use of GIS is not new in waterborne disease outbreaks and cholera studies. It
has been applied in investigating waterborne disease outbreak (NWW, 1999),
microbial risk assessment of drinking water reservoirs (Kistemann et al.,
2001a), drinking water supply structure (Kistemann et al., 2001b), and spatial
patterns of diarrhoea illness with regards to water supply structures
(Dangendorf et al., 2002). In cholera studies, GIS technology has been applied
in studying the correlation between socio-economic and demographic indices and
cholera incidence (Ackers et al., 1998), environmental risk factors (Ali et
al., 2002a), spatial epidemiology (Ali et al., 2002b), health risk prediction
(Fleming et al., 2007) and spatial and demographic patterns of cholera (Osei
and Duker, 2008). This study seeks to assess the causes and effect of cholera
outbreak in Benin City, Edo State.
1.2
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The
threat of cholera rampaging through Nigeria has long been of concern to many.
The crowded settings coupled with minimal water, sanitation, hygiene and health
services, present a fearsome breeding ground for cholera to quickly escalate
beyond control. In an attempt to avoid this worse-case scenario, a massive
response needs to be mounted by the Government to enlighten the general public
about the causes of this deadly disease and also ways to avoid the outbreak.
Hygiene promoters should be employed to work every day, sharing information on
how to avoid contracting the illness and the signs and symptoms of the disease.
1.3
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The
purpose of this study is to determine the causes and effect of cholera during
rainy season in Benin City.
The
specific objectives of the study are:
1. To identify the cause of cholera
in Benin City.
2. To ascertain if cholera outbreak
is usually rampant during the rainy season in Benin City.
3. To identify the problems
associated with the prevention of cholera in Benin City
4. To determine the ways of
preventing cholera outbreak in Benin City.
1.4 RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
The
following research questions were asked and answered in the study:
1. Does poor environmental
sanitation lead cholera outbreak?
2. Does washing of hands before
eating help to prevent cholera infection?
3. Can drinking and bathing with
contaminated water lead to cholera outbreak?
4. Does poorly kept toilet cause
cholera outbreak?
5. Is cholera outbreak rampant
during the rainy season?
6. Does the use of pipe borne water
for drinking and cooking help reduce cholera outbreak?
7. Does boiling of water reduce the
risk of cholera infection?
1.5
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:
The
research work is important in several ways both to the health personnel and the
individual within the society. Firstly, this study will expose to us some of
the causes of cholera outbreak in Benin City and also proffer ways of
preventing cholera outbreak within our community.
This
study will also be of importance to the health personnel and our local
community health workers in the sense that it will expose to them the various
preventive measures to put in place to avoid cholera outbreak in our community
and Benin City at large.
This
study is also be relevant to the government by providing the number of cholera
outbreak within the Nigeria economy and also presenting the figures of victims
who dies as a result of this disease, by this the government will swing into
action by providing various measures in other to prevent further outbreak of
the disease.
1.6
SCOPE/DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY:
The
study is set out to determine the causes and effect of cholera outbreak during
rainy season in Benin City, Edo State. Therefore, the study is restricted to only
community health workers, and other health related personnel in Benin City, Edo
State. Respondents include students, teachers, civil servants, youths, and
drivers.
1.8
DEFINITION OF
TERMS:
Cholera:- is an
acute diarrhoeal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated
with the bacterium, Vibrio cholera
Outbrseak:-. a sudden, violent, or spontaneous
occurrence, especially of disease or strife
Infection:-. is
the invasion of body tissues by disease-causing microorganisms,
their multiplication and the reaction of body tissues to these microorganisms
and the toxins that
they produce.
Transmission:-
The
act or process of transferring a disease from a person to another.
WHO:- World
Health Organization.
Threat:-. An expression of an intention to inflict pain, injury,
evil, or punishment. An indication of impending danger or harm. One
that is regarded as a possible danger; a menace.
Contamination:
Is the term describing the state of a person or material on coming in contact
with the disease pathogen.
Disease:
Can be seen as a depart from the normal healthy state of the body soul and mind
of a human being, which manifests itself in an abnormal development of the
physical, physiological and mental state of the human being concerned.
Epidemiology:
The study of disease that affect large numbers of people. Traditionally,
epidemiologist have been concerned primarily with infectious diseases such as
typhoid and influenza, that arise and spread rapidly among the population as
epidemics.
Environment:
This is the physical, chemical, and biological condition of the region in which
one lives.
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