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THE EFFECT OF LIQUID
FLOERATE AND GAS FLOWRATE ON A PACKED ABSORPTION TOWER AND REPAIR OF EQUIPMENT
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the project is to study
the effect of liquid flow rate and gas flow rate on the pressure drop in a
packed absorption tower and also to repair and restore the packed absorption
tower to good working condition.
Trouble shooting revealed that the exit
drain value was broken due to carelessness on the part of former user of the
equipment. We had to carry out glassblowing operations using borosilicate
glass to construct another value. Once this was done pressure build up
within the tower was restored for absorption operation to take place.
A plot of log DO/H against log a superficial
gas velocity gave 2.0774 2.3037 and 1.4940 respectively for slopes at varied
superficial liquid velocity.
We concluded that increase in gas flow
rate lead to increase in pressure drop since the graph obtained is
linear. There was a drop in slope from lower liquid rate to higher as
operation neared flooding condition. This means that industrially more
cost is alluded to pumping operation to be successful.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.2
Objectives of the project
CHAPTER TWO
2.0
Literature review
2.1
Pressure drop
2.3
Loading and flooding
2.4
Description of tower
2.7
packing characteristic
2.7.3
Water pump operation
2.8
Design procedure of tower
2.8.2
Selection of solvent
CHAPTER THREE
3.0
Experiment procedure
3.1
Glass blowing process and procedure
3.1.1 General
physical properties of glass
3.1.2 General
chemical properties of glass
3.2
Borosilicate glass properties
3.3
Construction of drain value
CHAPRER FOUR
Data analysis
Discussion
CHAPETR FIVE
Conclusion
Recommendation
References
Appendix 1: summary
of calculation
Graph
11: plot of log DP/H vs log a 46
Appendix
111: cost of
repairing equipment 49
Appendix
111: scale
drawing of packing absorption tower.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
The removal of one or more selected
components from a mixture of gases by absorption into a suitable liquid is the
second major operation of chemical engineering that is based on inter phase
mass transfer controlled large by rates of diffusion
Gas absorption defined by Perry
is a unit operation in which a soluble components of a gas mixture are
dissolved in a liquid. The inverse operation is called stripping or
description.
In gas absorption a soluble rapour is
absorbed from its mixture with an inert gas by means of a liquid in which
the solute gas is more or less soluble. The washing of ammonia for a
mixture of ammonia and air by means of liquid water is a typical example.
The solute is subsequently recovered from the liquid by distillation and the
absorbing liquid can be either discarded or reused. An acetone air
mixture passed through a gas stream can recover acetone by its dissolving
in the gas and allow the air to pass out. In each of the example given
only physical process take place with no chemical affect appreciable. However
when oxides of nitrogen are absorbed dioxide is absorbed in a solution of
sodium hydroxide, a chemical reaction occurs, the nature of which influences
the actual rate of absorption
In considering the design of equipment
to achieve gas absorption, the main requirement is that gas be brought into
intimate contact with the liquid and the effectiveness of the equipment will
largely be determined by the success with which it promotes contact between the
two phases.
In absorption, the feed is a gas and is
introduced at the button of the column, and the solvent is fed to the top 1 as
a liquid the absorbed gas and solvent leave at the bottom and the
unabsorbed components leave as gas from the top.
A common apparatus used gas absorption
and certain other operations is the packed tower. The device
consists of a cylindrical column or tower equipped with a gas inlet
and distributing space at the bottom! A liquid inlet and distributing at
the top gas and liquid out lets at the top bottom, respectively! And a
supported mass of inter solid shapes, called tower packing. The packing
support is typically a screen, corrugated to give it strength with a large open
area so that flooding does not occur at the support. The inlet liquid,
which may be pure solvent or a dilate solution if solute in the solvent and
which is called the weal liquid is distributed over the top of he packing by
the distributor and in ideal operation, uniformly wets the surface of the
packing. The solute-rich gas enters the distributing space below the
packing and flows upward through the interstices in the packing countercurrent
to the flow of the liquid. The packing provides a large area of contact
between the liquid and gas and encourages intimate contact between the
phases. The solute in the rich gas is absorbed by the fresh liquid
entering the tower and dilute, or lean gas leaves the top the liquid is
enriched in solute as it floes down the tower and concentrated liquid called
strong liquor, leaves bottom of the tower through the liquid outlet.
In order to obtain a good rate of
transfer per unit volume of the tower, a packing is selected which will promote
a high interfacial area between the two phases and a high degree of the
rebalance in the fluid usually increased area and turbulence are achieved
at the expense of increased capital cost and/or pressure drop and a balance
must be made between these factors when arriving at an economic design.
Since the purpose of this project is to
study the effect of variations in the liquid and gas flow rates on the pressure
drop in a countercurrent packed absorption tower suing water and air, we do
know that total pressure drop occurrence in the unit can have significant
effect on compressor running costs. There is appreciable loss of energy
due to function and this shows itself as a fall in pressure between the gas
inlet and outlet. Increase in the gas flow rate will obviously increase
the frictional loses.
However, gas and liquid are both
competing for the free cross-sectional area available for gas flow will also
increase the functional losses. Increase in the gas or liquid flow rate will
therefore increase the pressure drop.
The relevance of air/ water testing to
the unit process of absorption is seen from two perspectives; one is using
fundamental approaches to assess the importance of all relevant forces and
whether they are adequately modeled by air/water tests.
Two by carrying out tests with a ranted
of different fluids (or systems) with different physical properties if similar
results are found or fundamentally sound method that pull together the
air/ water results and those for other systems cam be identified, then
air/water can be used as acceptable model system. If the air/water result
and non-air/water results differ and cannot be pulled together with a
fundamentally sound approach, then the value of air/ water studies for the
process is less and conclusion drawn should be questioned if applied to
actual absorption systems.
1.2
SCOPE/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The project deal first and fore
most with the repairs and restoration of the packed absorption tower to a good
working condition and the performance of a laboratory experiment using it.
The experiment want to measure the
relationship between the liquid flow rate and gas flow rate with pressure in
the packed absorption tower.
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