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THE EFFECT OF SEWAGE
EFFLUENT ON THE PERMEABILITY OF SOIL
ABSTRACT
The ignorant of the effect of sewage
effluent on the permeability and other engineering properties of soil has to a
level, reduced the pace of development in terms of technology.
The wide use of
soil, irrespective of the type in virtually all civil engineering projects
across the globe today has given rise to numerous researches on way of
improving the properties to meet the intended use. Thus, this project examines
the effect of sewage effluent contamination on the permeability of the soil.
Permeability is
known to depend among other factors, on the void ratio and porosity of the soil
sample. However, it has no effect on the affinity of the soil for water.
It follows that
factors which increases the void ratio of a soil sample, also increases its
permeability as more water is likely to pass through soil with larger voids.
Since sewage
effluent is liquid pollution, which contains some microscopic solid particles,
these particles tend to plug up pore passages and at the same time cause a
decrease of permeability with time.
This shows that
sewage effluent, although is very important to soil users in agriculture, its
effect on the permeability and other engineering properties is not commendable.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION.
1.1
Definition of terms
1.1.1 Permeability
1.1.2. Sewage effluent
1.1.3. Compaction
1.1.4. Failure
1.2. Aims and objectives
1.3. Scope of the research
CHAPTER TWO:
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General overview
2.2 Factor affecting permeability of
soil
2.2.1 Effect of grain size
2.2.2 Effect of properties of pore
fluid
2.2.3 Effect of void ratio
2.3. The effect of pollution on
permeability
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY.
3.1 Collection of samples
3.2 Laboratory analysis
3.2.1 Determination of pollutal
strength of effluent
3.2.2 Determination of natural moisture
content of soil
3.2.3 Compaction test
3.2.4 The permeability test
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT
AND DISCUSSION.
4.1 The BOD value of
sewage
4.2 The natural
moisture content of the soil sample
4.3 The optimum
moisture content(OMC) of the sample
4.4 The result of the
permeability test
CHAPTER FIVE:
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.
CONCLUSIO
RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES .
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1.
DEFINITION OF
TERMS:
1.2.1.1.1 PERMEABILITY:
This is the property of soil which
permit flow of water through it’s inter connecting voids. Permeability is an
important engineering property, which governs the rate of flow of aquifer.
Hence, permeability in its simplest term is the ease with which water can flow
through soil.
1.1.2.
Sewage effluent
Sewage is the wastewater of a community
consisting of human excreta, urine and sullage. Solid forms a very small
percentage (0.1%) of fresh sewage. Sewage may contain pathogenic organisms,
organics and nutrients. Hence, sewage must be treated before discharge in order
to prevent pollution of surface and underground water source. Sewage exerts
biological oxygen demand in rivers, which depletes oxygen. Besides, being rich
in nutrients (mainly nitrogen and phosphorus), sewage causes in receiving water
algal bloom and autrophication. Generally, supplying it with oxygen treats
wastewater, so that bacteria may utilize the waste as food.
1.1.3.
Compaction:
Compaction means processing the soil
particle close to each other by mechanical methods. Air during compaction, is
expelled from the void space in the soil mass and, therefore, the mass density
is increased. Compaction of soil mass is done to improve its engineering
properties. Compaction generally increases the shear strength of the soil, and
hence the stability and bearing capacity. It is also useful in reducing the
compressibility and permeability of the soil.
Compaction of soil is required for the
construction of earth damage canal embankments, highways, runaway, and in many
other engineering applications.
1.1.4.
Failure:
Dense sand shows initially a volume
decrease in a drained test, but as the strain increases, the volume starts
increasing. The loose sand shows a volume decrease throughout.
In case of loose sand, the specimen
bulges and ultimately fails by sliding simultaneously on numerous planes. The
failure in this case is known as brittle failure.
1.2 Aims
and objectives
Most ancient structures collapse, mainly
due to lack of knowledge on permeability. Properties such as permeability help
an engineer, to determine the suitability of soil for some engineering works.
Hence, modern civil engineering works
allows for site investigation, which includes the determination of the
permeability relative to the soil which would be used for the work.
The main aims of this research are.
·
To determine the maximum dry density (MDD) of soil, thus increasing its shear
strength and bearing capacity.
·
To determine the rate of seepage of water through a given soil sample.
·
To determine how permeability of soil is affected by sewage effluent of
different levels of pollutal strength.
1.3 Scope of the
research
This research
will be carried out using soil sample, collected by digging one meter below the
ground level, from a farm land located nearby the junior staff quarters. The
sewage effluent will be collected from the university of Nigeria
treatment tank, by varying the quantity of sewage used.
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