THE EFFECT OF STREET HAWKING ON CHILD’S EDUCATION: A CASE STUDY OF BENIN METROPOLITAN IN OREDO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF EDO STATE
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THE
EFFECT OF STREET HAWKING ON CHILD’S EDUCATION: A CASE STUDY OF BENIN
METROPOLITAN IN OREDO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF EDO STATE
ABSTRACT
This study was designed to investigate the causes
and effect of street hawking and dropout on child of school age. The research
instrument consist of a sample questionnaire and oral interview. The sample
used consist of 8 males and 80 females of school age selected from Edo State
through random sampling. In the data analysis, the following was discovered.
The interest of the children is another factor. Parental level of financial
well being is another important factor that influences the child street hawking
business. Through these findings, hawking influences dropout, delinquency,
under achievement and poor health. Based on the above findings, it was
recommended that, parents should be regularly educated on the usefulness of
education through mass media. Secondary schools should be made compulsory in
Nigeria. Children should be made to recognize the importance of education in
their early age. School should pay more attention to parents/.teachers meeting.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter
One
Introduction
Background of the study
Statement of the study
Purpose of the study
Significance of the study
Research questions
Scope of the study and limitation
Definition of terms
Chapter
Two
Literature Review
Chapter
Three
Research Methodology
Research design
Population of the study
Sample and sampling technique
Instrumentation of research
Validity of the instrument
Reliability of the instrument
Method of data collection
Method of data analysis
Chapter
Four
Analysis and interpretation of data
Chapter
Five
Summary, conclusion and recommendation
Summary
Findings
Conclusion
Recommendations
References
Questionnaires
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Nigeria
as a developing country needs people who are required for the political social
and economic development of the country. This is necessary because Nigeria no
longer need money bag citizens, rather she needs men and women and enough money
for the peoples comfort. In order to achieve this, school or formal education
for all in Nigeria is mandatory and necessary. It is not important that all
Nigeria citizens in Benin city in particular get full formal education and not
partial education which leads to school dropout and human wastage or attrition
going by the national policy on education which recognizes hat greater
achievement are get and most explanted through formal education is essential to
Nigerians and so have made primary education in government schools free for its
citizens. Looking at the economic problems in Nigeria today many familiar most
especially those in the low socio- economic classes engaged their children and
weeds in various activities such as hawking
Hawking according to the oxford advanced learners dictionary, 6th
edition, means moving to sell things by going from place to place asking people
to buy them. However, Olalere (2007) identified two main types of hawkers which
are; the hawkers that carry their goods in wheels and the side walk hawkers who
sit with their wares beside the road. According to Olalere, the capital out lay
for types of trade is determined by nature of goods traded in the hawker builds
cart to suit his or her purpose. The hawker also employs different media of
advertising their wares like; buy your sweet orange, the hawker may also
decided to short the goods of their names in the manner peculiar and appealing
to people.
Many of the hawkers sell different goods, which one might not go out ordinary
to buy, except on impulse basis if we come across them on the way. For the side
of the hawker, they sit by their goods and attend to those who come to them.
The capital required is determined by the nature of the wares for instance Five
Hundred Naira N 500, OO would appear sufficient for a side hawker who is
trading in orange while a provision seller who sells beverages would require a
higher outlay. The hawker business grows increasing by in many Nigerian cities
and towns. Hawking also take place in the rural areas but are mostly alone in
the evenings when people are back from the farm, village markets or school. The
situation is ever different in urban areas. Hawking goes on in the urban area
from morning to evening on a daily basis.
This situation has no doubt affected the child’s schooling specifically another
important aspect of the child’s developmental stage. Ajayi and Orphan and a
year two student in the department of banking and finance of the university of
Benin who sells news papers daily among the street says “we do this thing
(hawking) everyday in order to survive in school and to help our younger
siblings at home who are not even in schools. These developments are making
life unbearable form as I have always with drawn from school several times.
Similarly, a child who shares the school time with street hawking is always
late to school and he or she is bound to develop immaturities in school work
which may include poor studying habits, lack of skills, low self esteem and low
performance in class hence resulting in failure or total dropping out of school.
It has been heard of that some parents in towns and cities withdrawn their
children from school in order to send them hawking so as to make more money for
the family up keep. In some cases, some children are always dropped out from
school for a term or even a whole year and when they get back to school (that
if they go back to it all) they become too big for their cohort and they fall
victims of name calling by younger classmates. This type of situation could
have many negative effects on the children psychologically who became under
achiever or might develop school phobia. Such children at the end of the day
fail or drop out at the end of day.
The search for money to make ends meet in a depressed economy is obviously one
of the major reasons for parent and guardians sending their children or wards
to hawk. Most of the hawkers are either in primary/ secondary school for the
purpose of hawking and at each day sales the children becomes weak and tired
that they are unable to concentrate, contribute to discussion or study on their
own. Apparently, parents and guardians do not realize this and children do not
know that the means by which the mental. Moral, social and material inheritance
of the society can be passed from generation to generation is through formal
education.
1.2
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The majority of Nigerian parents believe that children are their God sent
helpers both for economic purpose and other wise. This is why many Nigerians
want to have children until old age. Most average Nigerians do not consider
street hawking by children and some other child labour practices are seen as
part of the socialization process in the society. This brings the question to
mind that, most of the parents whose children are participating in street
hawking may have been street hawkers themselves in their life. Thus, the use of
their wards or children as hawkers may largely reflect their value
representation.
In Nigeria today, hawking by children of school age is not entirely new in
society. Street hawking creates room for lack of seriousness and interest in
school work, poor memory, learning difficulty and under achievement the problem
of this study therefore is to investigate the relationship between street hawking
and drop out.
1.3
PURPOSE OF STUDY
The main purpose of this study is to identify the various factors that cause
street hawking it is also aimed at investigating the various agents that
influence academic pursuit and their effects on the school work of the young
hawker and to channel these influences towards providing a long term solutions
1.4
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1.
Does parental level of financial wellbeing influence children street hawking
business
2.
Does street hawking influence the high rate of drop out, delinquency and
truancy?
3.
Is it the parents that often provide the wares or articles of street hawking
for their children?
4.
What is the level of academic achievement of children who indulge in hawking?
1.5
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is meant to investigate into one of the causes of children inability
to complete their formal education in urban areas
The main aim of formal education is to prepare children for the future and to
get ready for important responsibilities. This is in line with two out of the
five main objective of the Nigerian would develop citizens who are responsible,
bright, united, strong and self- reliant.
It is a crystal clear that children street hawking is a distraction and an
exposure of children to bad habit and more danger.
From this study parents would learn importance of formal education and so give
it its right position while drawing the scale of preference for their children.
Similarly, parents would then set goals for their children and motivate
children in their academic work so that the children would put formal education
which gives self esteem, respect, prestige and good personality before money
making venture.
From this research, children could learn to improve on the ideas they have
about themselves as this could be a motivating factor for writing formal
education. It would also bring their knowledge that divided loyalty might be an
hindrance to better performance in school
Divided loyalty in the sense that as a street hawker one runs after formal
education partially; the student would also realize that school education
prepares people to get the appropriate key to the doors of wealth
In summary, finally, this research will serve as guide to parents, teachers and
even policy makers on now bets to develop children positively in order for them
to become more useful in the society
1.6
SCOPE OF STUDY
As a result of inadequate and limited time, this study is limited to children
in Benin city which is very large city the research therefore had to make use
of this children from such as; ring road, Uselu Lagos road. Sapele road and
Akpakpava in Benin City, Edo state
The scope of this study moves children of school age within seven to fifteen
years of age are street hawkers, the result of the study may not necessarily be
used as a standard of comparism in determining all school dropout but, the
findings of this study is still useful.
1.8
DEFINITION OF TERMS
In order to make the study clearer and to avoid confusion, the following term
used is defined;
COHORT: these refers to a group of
pupils who were admitted at the beginning of the school year and completed the programme
in the same school
DROPOUT: in line, so cannot continue or
fall out of school. A student or pupil who terminates or stops school education
before completing its full course of study
HAWKING: carrying of wares or goods
about for sale
PHOBIA: having excessive fear, some
object or a particular situation in the absence of real danger
EDUCATION: the all round training and
development given to a person or a process by which any society passes on its
culture (social, ethnic, intellectual e.t.c) to the young ones
SOCIALIZATION: a process where the
comes to behave in manner demand appropriate by the society in which the person
lives
UNDERACHIEVEMENT: the inability of a
child to perform up to the child measures aptitude for academic excellence
ATTRITION: a process of making somebody
especially your enemy to do roles
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