THE EFFECTS OF OIL SPILLAGE IN THE NIGER DELTA A CASE STUDY OF UGHELLI SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF DELTA STATE
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THE EFFECTS OF OIL
SPILLAGE IN THE NIGER DELTA
A CASE STUDY OF
UGHELLI SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF DELTA STATE
TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter one
Introduction
1.1
Background of the study
1.2
Statement of the problem
1.3
Research questions
1.4
Aims/Objective of the study
1.5
Significance of the study
1.6
Scope of the study
1.7
Limitation of the study
Chapter two
2.0
Literature review
2.1
Effect of Oil Spillage on farming
2.2
Effect of Oil Spillage on Fishing
2.3
Effect of oil spillage on Coastal Activities
2.4
Environmental Remediation measures.
Chapter three
Methodology
3.0
Population of the study
3.1
Sample/sampling techniques
3.2
Research instruments
3.3
Method of data collection
Chapter four
Presentation and analysis of data
4.0
Analysis of data and discussion of results
Chapter five
Summary, conclusion and
recommendation
5.1
Summary of findings
5.2
Conclusion
5.3
Recommendations
References
Questionnaire
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Oil spillage is the release of petroleum substance or product into the streams,
lakes, rivers, beaches, seas, oceans and land, which becomes poisonous and thus
make the water and land fouled and threatened the rich coastal habitat.
Oil spillage is an environmental problem in Nigeria. It is common in oil
producing areas. During a spill, oil floats on land and water surface and forms
an oil slick that is about 0.1mm thick continuing to spread, the stick becomes
0.01mm thick.
Oil is a very complex mixture of predominantly hydrocarbons the light {less
dense} portions of oil are more toxic but also more likely to evaporate.
Evaporation can reduce the volume of crude oil slick. Heavier oil can wash to
the shore causing serious short-term harm to shellfish and plants life. oil
spillage on soil makes it unsatisfactory for the plant growth. This is due to
insufficient aeration of the soil because of air from the spaces between the
soil particles by oil spillage.
Tarry lumps, float, sink or cover habitats of shallow water organisation. They
may also foul beaches. Weather is a key factor for oil spills; wind can cause
an emulsion, which can least for weeks and be difficult to pump.
During the early stages, coming in contact with the soil, may kill seabirds and
mammals, because of the toxic chemicals. Oil on feathers hinders water
repellency and poisons the birds from the oral consumption of the toxic
materials fur bearing animals, seabirds and seals lose their buoyancy and
insulation when oil fouls their fur they either drown or suffer hypothermial
and die the effects on fish are unclean. Fish may simply swim away but floating
eggs can be destroyed.
In areas where wildlife is very healthy or full recovery has been seen within
two or four years but if the spill occurred during migration or breeding
season, it could be devastating and prompt action is crucial.
The communities have remained grossly socio economically under developed and
pauperized amidst the immense oil wealth owing to systematic disequilibrium the
production. Exchange relationship between the state, the transnational
companies and the people. Enormous money had been derived from oil export but
the area has been subjected to severe land degradation, socio-economic
disorganization, increasing poverty, misery militancy occupation, and bloody
violence.
Oil extraction has impacted most disastrously on the socio-physical
environmental of the Niger Delta region. Oil bearing communities massively
threatening the fragile subsistent peasant economy and biodiversity and hence
their entire social livelihood and very survival. The socio and environmental
costs of oil production have been extensive. They include destruction of
wildlife and biodiversity, loss of fertile soil, pollution of air and drinking
water, degradation of farmland and damage to aquatic ecosystem, all of which
include caused serious health problems for the inhabitants of areas surrounding
oil production the occurrence of oil spillage in Nigeria is frequent in
February 2001, another soil spillage was reported in Ughilli which led to
pollution of the water, there by making it not navigable for fishes and
carrying out economic activities and the killing of fishes in the river.
Most of the people who lived in the area depended upon fishing for their
livelihood. The oil spillage changed their lifestyle and they lost their jobs
in the local government.
1.2
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS
There are a lot of environmental problems in Nigeria such as desert
encroachment, wide life depleion, pollution, flooding, land and water and air
pollution among others. The exploitation of oil in the Niger Delta region has
brought to bear oil spillage and its numerous effects. Hence, this study tries
to find out the causes and effects of oil spillages and environmental remediation
measures of the oil companies in the area.
1.3
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The research
questions for this study include the following;
1.
What are the causes of oil spillage in the area?
2.
What are the effects of oil spillage on the farming in the area?
3.
What is the effect of oil spillage on fishing festival?
4.
Is fishing affected by oil spillage in the area?
5.
Are the environmental remediation measures the oil companies adequate?
1.4
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.
To examine the causes of oil spillage in the area.
2.
To find out the effects of oil spillage in the area.
3.
To know the extent to which the oil spillage affect the farmland in the area.
4.
To examine the effects of oil spillage on fishing in the area.
5.
To see if the environmental remediation measures by the oil companies are
adequate.
1.5
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
It will help to create public awareness and understanding of oil spills
problems and appreciation of their responsibilities to the environment.
Industrial wastes from the oil industries could be used to address the impact
of infrastructural deficiency in the local communities, for example the
disposal of gas from flaring could constitute the basis for generating power
for urban and rural electrification. Other industrial waste such as plastics
synthetic fibers, detergent and solvent could form the yield stock for petrol
chemical industry. However, the wealth derived from oil sources exploit this
oil producing areas socio culturally, socio-economically and psychologically.
It will also highlight the extent of the effect of oil spillage on the public
and point relevant oil spillage issues deserving the attention of public
enlightenment; that is enlightenment campaign through print media, radio and
television if the government can implement laws, policies and enforcement
measures within the existing production regions.
1.6
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The subject matter of the study is oil spillage it determines the causes and
effects of oil spillage and environmental remediation measures that has been
put in place by the oil companies.
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