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THE
PROCESS OF CANDLE PRODUCTION FROM THE COMPOSITION OF CANDLE
ABSTRACT
This research relates to a candle composition containing non-hydrogenated oil
and at least one of long chain hydrocarbon and long-chain hydrocarbon
derivatives. A candle composition having non-hydrogenated oil and a solidifying
amount of congealing reagent. A candle composition having paraffin,
non-hydrogenated oil, and a solidifying amount of a congealing reagent
comprising petroleum, oxidized petrolatum oxidized long-chain hydrocarbons, or
modified hydrocarbons. A process for making a candle composition is also
provided, the process comprising mixing together a non hydrogenated oil and a
congealing amount of a congealing reagent, heating mixture to a temperature of
75-900C, preferably 75-800C, the cooling the mixture and
pouring into a container.
The study also carried out the standard procedure that results in the
production of candle from the composition of candle. This article gives an
overview and description of the raw materials and additives that are used for
the manufacturing of candle and explains t he combustion process in the candle
flames. Starting with the definition and classification of candles the criteria
are presented which are crucial for the safe handling of candles i.e. ensuring
they are harmless in relation to both people and the environment. The structure
and content of a proposed European quality standard for candle are derived from
these criteria.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter One
1.1
Introduction
1.2
Statement
of problem
1.3
Purpose
of study
1.4
Hypothesis
1.5
Significance
of the study
1.6
Scope of
study
1.7
Limitation
of study
1.8
Definition
of terms
Chapter Two
2.1
Literature
Review
2.2
Raw
materials and additive for manufacturing candles
2.3
Candle
compositions
2.4
Different
ways or examples of candle composition produced
Chapter Three
3.1
Experimental
procedure
3.2
Materials
3.3
Equipment
3.4
Experimental
method
3.5
Testing
and Analysis of the candle produced
Chapter Four
4.1
Data
Analysis
Chapter Five
Summary of findings and Conclusions, Suggestions
and Recommendation.
5.1
Summary
of Findings
5.2
Conclusion
5.3
Suggestions
and Recommendation
References
CHAPTER ONE
1.1
INTRODUCTION
One of the most universal
articles used as a source of light and for their aesthetic appeal, which can be
used to read, work, in households and industries, and used for prayer at
alters, shrines and temples is known as candle. Candle is a round stick of wax
with a wig through it, which is lit to give light as it burn. Oxford Advanced
learner’s dictionary Fourth Edition (1989). There are many types of candles
based on the production and the composition formulation from which the candle
is made (or the materials you use).
Candles can be manufactured in a
small scale or larger scale. The small-scale process can be done either at home
or laboratory, following while the large-scale process is produced in
industrial and companies the scientific and technical process. The method of
making a candle product can be quite interesting if done with the knowledge and
adequate skills which a students I a higher institution of learning should be
able to accomplish.
Candles have accomplished mankind
for more than 2000 years. Besides their liturgical relevance, candles were
predominantly used as a source of light and in the early history of the candle
are the effects to improve its quality. Beeswax candles had been developed by
the Romans to such an extent that by approximately the middle of the second
century A. D. they could be burnt in a closed room without sooting annoyingly
or excessively beeswax candles showed significant advantages when compared to
tallow candles. The latter had a rancid odour and smoked and sooted whilst
burning.
It was only as late as the mid
nineteenth century that steering and paraffin wax offered further high quality
raw materials available for the manufacture of candles alongside beeswax.
During the same period decisive improvements were made to wicks, in particular
the braiding techniques and chemical treatments. So further prerequisites for
candles that burnt well were fulfilled and Geothe’s dream, “I know not what you
could invent better than candles that burn without smoking”.
The myth surrounding the candle
remains even today, although numerous and various types of light are available
to us since the invention of electric light and its introduction into our daily
lives. Candlelight is still associated with a festival laid table, a pleasant
coffee morning or idyllic romantic hours spent together. Obviously a candle
that burns well and does not soot is a must for enjoying such occasions.
Sooting and dripping are the decisive quality criteria of the consumer when
judging candles.
Further, the environmental
awareness of today the candle as a product with an open flame is naturally
drawn into discussions concerning the possible negative effects on humans and
nature by potentially harmful substances. Traditional crafmanship, training and
the passing down of experience all go together to guarantee the production of
high quality candles by specialized candle companies.
The Egyptians formed candles that
were made out of beeswax as early as 3000 BC. The day candle holders found in
Egypt date back to 400 BC. The Chinese created candles from wahle fat during
the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC).
In early china and Japan, tapers
were made with wax from insect and seeds, wrapped in paper the word Zhu in
Chinese originally meant torch and could have the warring states period
(403-221BC), some excavated Bronx wares from that era feature a picket though
to hold a candle.
Candles were manufacture in
AD-1500 AD, here there is a fish called the evlachonor “candle fish”, a type of
smelt which is found from Oregon to Alaska. During the first century AD,
indigenous people from this region used oil from this fish for illumination. By
the 18th century, the Chinese designed weights into the sides of
candles, as such a candle melted, the weights fell off and made a noise as they
fell into a bowl.
In 1750, spermaceti, oil that
comes from sperm whale, was used to provide very expensive candles. By 1800, a
much cheaper attentive was discovered. Colza oil, derived from Brassica
campestris, and similar oil derived from rapeseed, yielded candles that produce
clear smokeless flames. The French chemist Michel Eugene Chevrev (1786-1889)
and Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac (1778-1850) patented stearin, in 1811, like tallow,
this was derived from animals, but had no glycerin content. The second patent
ever granted by the US (United States) in 1790 for a new method of candle
making was Joseph Sampson.
In 1834, Joseph Morgan began to
industrialize the production of candles. He invented a machine to manufacture
1,500 per hour from a mould. A chemist called Laurent distile paraffin
from schist in 1830. another chemist, Dumes obtained paraffin from coal-tar in
1935. not until 1850 did paraffin became commercially viable when James young
filed a patent to produce it from coal. Paraffin could be used to make
inexpensive candles of high quality.
The oldest candle manufactures
still in existence are Rathbornes Candles, founded in Dulblin in 1488.
Excavations at pimply, Italy, discovered several candelabra. Yak butter was
used for candles in Tibet in Europe, the earliest surviving candle was
discovered near Avigon infrance, from the first century AD. Tallow, fat from
cows or sheep became the standard materials used in candles in Europe.
Dating from about 1330, the wax
chandlers company acquired its charter in 1484. by 1415, tallow candles were
used in street lighting. The unpleasant smell of tallow candles is due to the
glycerin they contain. For churches and royal events, candles from beeswax were
used as the smell was usually less unpleasant. The smell of the manufacturing
process was so unpleasant that it was banned by ordinance in several cities.
In Rome, they used tallow,
derived from suet, a crumbly animal fat to make the candles. Although the
tallow was extremely smoky, the smoke was forgiven for light and used for
prayer. The first candle mould was believed to come from 15th
century in Paris. The first American Colonist discovered that bayberries could
be used to make candles, but the yield was very poor. Fiufteen pounds of wax. A
simple, candle could be made by putting the dried fish on a forked stick and
then lighting it. Candles were made for timekeeping. Anglo-saxon king Alfred
the Great (C. 849-899) used a candle clock which burned for 4 hours. There were
lines around the side to show the passing of each hour. Later, 24hours candles
were invented based on the same concept.
The sung dynasty in china
(960-1279) also used candle-clocks. A form of candle-clock was used in coal
mining until the twentieth century. Despite advances in candle making, the
candle industry was devastated soon after by the distillation of kerosene (an
excellent fuel for amps). In Britain, kerosene is known as paraffin oil or
paraffin despite having little to do with paraffin wax.
In 1829, William Wilson of prices
candles invested in 1000 ores (4km2) of coconut plantation in
srilanka. His aim was to make candles from coconut oil. Later he tried palm oil
from palm trees. An accidental discovery swept all his ambitions aside when his
brother George Wilson distilled the first petroleum oil in 1854.
In 1919, Lever Brothers purchased
prices candles and in 1922, a joint owned company called “candle Ltd” was
created. By 1991, the last remaining owner of “candle Ltd” was shell oil
company, who sold off the candle making part of business from this point,
candles became more of a decorative
item.
1.2
PURPOSE
OF STUDY
The main aim of this research
work is to produce high quality candles that can be used at home by family
members and to be sold to the public for sales and use purpose. The candle
produce should have no unpleasant smell and smoke when used, instead it should
have a pleasant odour and scent, clear and smokeless flames when lit, with
suiting fragrance effect easily noticed in the surrounding air by inhaling with
health benefits.
Candles are produced under laboratory condition and independently in large
scale with the masses of the materials adequately ascertained.
1.3
STATEMENT
OF THE PROBLEMS
The following statements of
problems are hereby formulated to assist in this research work of candle
production.
1.
What raw
materials require to produce high quality, very highly quality candles.
2.
What are
the procedures to follow in producing the candle?
3.
How can
the candle produced be tested?
4.
How
duration is the candle
5.
What are
the general requirement for candle making.
1.4
HYPOTHESIS
1.
Inappropriate
requirements for the production of candle is problems
2.
Lack of
adequate raw materials is a major problem in the process of manufacturing of
candles.
3.
Lack of
students interest by not following the manufacturers instruction, knowledge and
adequate skills, which is a problem in the production of candle.
4.
Inappropriate
measures and chemical needed is a problems for candle making.
5.
The
presence of unpleasant smell and sooting flames in the manufacturing process
and when list which has an effect on the surrounding air by inhaling affects
the health of people is the biggest problems.
1.5
SIGNIFICANCE
OF STUDY
This research work is significant
for the following reasons because it will provide useful source of information
to the teachers, students, parents, community and education officers on how to
improve on the procedures of the production of candles.
Despite that, this study is also
significant because it will help to throw some light on the accurate
measurement involved in order to avoid little or major problems in the
production of candles and findings solution to them.
1.6
SCOPE OF
STUDY
The process of candle production
from the composition of candle is indeed a universal article. As a matter of
fact, I intended to deal extensively with this study for its under the
importance in development of the process of candle production and the composition
of candle involve however, the study covered few secondary schools in Ikpoa
Okha Local Government Area of Edo State.
1.7
DEFINITION
OF TERMS
Paraffin wax: A
wax-like substance obtained form petroleum, use especially for making candles.
Beewax: A
yellowish wax made by bees for building honecombs, also used for making wood
polish and candles.
Laboratory: A room
or building in which scientific experiments are carried out.
Experiment: Is to
work with instruments and apparatus in a practical investigation, on the
behaviour and nature of substances.
Wick: Length of thread in
the centre of a candle, the top end of which is lit and burns as the wax melts.
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