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THE RATE OF
ADSORPTION OF PALM OIL WITH BITUMINOUS COAL
ABSTRACT
This project was carried out using
bituminous coal (non activated) and the degree of refining of palm oil at
different temperature and time using spectrophotometer. This was carried out to
check the effectiveness of bituminous coal sample (bleaching earth) as a
bleaching agent for palm oil.
The coal (bituminous
coal) was collected in lump forms, it was air-dried to remove any moisture
content, size reduced to refining process.
In the refining
process, 1000g of palm oil was weighed with weighing balance. It was then
degummed with citric acid solution and neutralized with sodium hydroxide (NaoH)
solution. During the process of degumming and neutralization, the residues were
removed from the palm oil by allowing it to settle down in a separating funnel
and opening the tap to allow the residue to run off. 100g of palm oil was
measured with measuring cylinder into a conical flask, 10g of coal (bituminous
coal) sample was weighed with meter. P163 weigh balance using pert dish. The
coal contained in the Petri dish was added into the conical flask with the palm
oil and stirred properly for about 10 minutes. Then it was transferred to water
bath for the required temperature and time interval.
Later
the coal sample was removed and filtered out with the aid of filter paper to
obtain a filtrates. The experiment was performed for five temperature ie 1000c,
1500c,2000c, 2500c and 3000c and
with time interval of 20 mins, 40mins, 60 mins, 80mins and 100mins. The colour
change after bleaching was measured using spectrophotometer at 520 wavelength.
It was noticed that as the temperature increases with time. The percentage
colour reduction of the palm oil increases it the higher the palm oil becomes.
It was noticed that for bituminous coal, the smaller the particle size of the
coal, the higher the percentage colour reduction and percentage oil retention.
TABLE OF CONTENT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER
ONE
1.1
INTRODUCTION
1.2
OBJECTIVE/SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
CHAPTER
TWO
LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.0
ORIGIN OF PALM
OIL
2.1
PROCESSING OF PALM OIL
2.2
PROPERTIES OF PALM
OIL
2.3
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PALM
OIL
2.3.1
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PALM OIL
2.4
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
AND
2.4.1
COMPONENTS OF PALM OIL
2.5
USES OF PALM
OIL
2.6
HISTORY OF
COAL
2.7
COAL
FORMATION
2.8
PRODUCTION OF
COAL
2.81
MINING
2.82
PREPARATION OF
COAL
2.9
PROPERTIES OF
COAL
2.91
RANK AND CLASSIFICATION OF COAL
2.92
COAL
UTILIZATION
2.93
REFINING OF CRUDE PALM
OIL
2.94
ADSORPTION
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0
EXPERIMENT
PROCEDURE
3.1
THE RATE OF ADSORPTION OF PALM OIL WITH BITUMINOUS
COAL
3.2
DETERMINATION OF THE COLOUR CHANGE
3.3
THE EFFECT OF
STIRRING
CHAPTER
FOUR
EXPERIMENTAL
RESULT
CHAPTER
FIVE
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCE
APPENDIX
CHAPTER
ONE
1.1
INTRODUCTION
Our
nation Nigeria is gifted and blessed with talents and many mineral resources,
which includes crude oil, palm oil, clay and coal etc. some of these natural
mineral are exported while some at times are refined for the purpose of foreign
exchange. Nigeria being one of the developing countries, the dependence of the
local industries nad factories on imported raw material is presently causing
problem which results in the high standard of living and economic degradation.
Some
of these mineral resources because they are crude or unrefined in the natural
sense, they must be refined so that it will be fit for human consumption and
industrial application.
For instance, palm oil processed from palm tree is refined to remove impurities
and the yellowish red colour to make it suitable for human consumption. This
project research is based on the rate of adsorption of red palm oil with
bituminous coal.
Coal is a black combustible solid rich in carbon. It’s also contains variety of
hydrocarbon, often traces of sulphur and moisture. It occurs buyers of seams in
sedimentary areas. The depth at which coal seams are found varies enormously in
some fields, seam layers are just below the surface. More often, they are
buried beneath hundred of meters of rock. Coal was formed by the decomposition
of the remains of plants and trees in swampy or river delta.
Coal
can be classified according to rank, that is, according to the degree of
metamorphosing in the series, which are mostly based on the carbon content of
the coal substance. The ranks of coal are peat, lignite, bituminous and
anthracite coal. Coal can be classified into four main division on appearance
and properties.
Thus
this work is specifically based on adsorption on a particular coal (bituminous
coal) and red palm oil. Palm oil belong to the family of lipids which are
compounds that are soluble in organic solvent (like alcohol, ester, chloroform)
but insoluble in water. Palm oil is semi-liquid in nature and on standing
separates into equal volumes of dark red fraction of high carotene content and
a yellow semi-solved fraction. Palm oil can be processed into two ways
(especially in Nigeria): the traditional and mechanical method, but because of
amenability to mechanical method is widely employed in industrial processes,
like wise in refining of palm oil where method of refining such as degrumming,
deacidification, deodorization, bleaching, neutralization etc are employed.
1.2
SCOPE/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The
objective of this project research is to obtain the rate of adsorption of palm
oil with bitumous coal (adsorbent). The refining of palm oil using bituminous
coal at various time interval and temperature will be used to detect the extent
of purity and colour change in natural palm oil. This involves the following
steps: 1. the activation of coal and 2. adsorption process proper.
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