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THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC
IMPACT OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION ON THE RURAL AREAS: A CASE STUDY OF ORA VILLAGE
IN OWAN WEST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF EDO STATE
ABSTRACT
A lot has
been said about the rising of rural urban migration in recent years. This
phenomenon has attracted the concern of economists, the government both at the
federal and state levels because of its attendant’s problems such problems
associated with rural-urban migration on the rural areas include decline in
agricultural production, migration decline, rural poverty, rural depopulation,
demographic consequences etc. it is against this background that the researcher
has made conscious effor56t to examine the socio-economic impact of the rural
urban migration on ora village. The study has carried out using 100
questionnaires administered to the indigenes of that village, and moreover 10
indigenes were interviewed personally. The analysis of the data shows that many
reasons are responsible for the rural urban migration in ora village. Prominent
among these reasons is the issues of lack of employment opportunities. As a
result of the above, it is recommended that an integrated rural development
planning should be vigorously pursued by the government. If all the
recommendations were to be adopted by the government, it will minimize the mass
movement of rural dwellers to urban cities.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter One
Background of the study
Statement of the problem
Objective of the study
Hypothesis of the study
Limitation/scope of the study
Definition of terms
Chapter Two
Literature review
Definition of migration
Types of migration
Causes of rural-urban migration
Socio-economic effect of rural-urban
migration of the rural area.
Chapter
Three
Methodology
Introduction
Research design
Sampling techniques/instrument
used/data collection
Validation of instrument/method of data
analysis
Chapter Four
Data analysis
Introduction
Analysis of data collection
Personal interview
Findings
Chapter Five
Summary, Recommendations
Areas of further research
Conclusion
References
Questionnaire
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
There have been rapid increase of youths movements from rural area to urban
centres, no one is in doubt today of the fact the rate at which people
(especially, the youths) move from rural area to urban centres is affecting the
lives of the rural dwellers. Nigeria is a developing country; in fact, she is
at the threshold of being a developed nation. On this note it is wise to be
acquainted with the meaning of the world “migration”.
Migration according to Udo (1980) defined migration as the permanent or
semi-permanent change in residence from one administrative unit (district,
country, province, state or country) to another. And it is usually considered
to be an economic man’s reaction to socio-economic differentials between
regions. Migration has become an important factor influencing population
dynamics in a geographical area. Fertility and mortality determines the rate of
natural population increase in any locality. The overall size of the population
such an area depend on the pattern of migration. Population movements are often
responsible for observable sudden changes in population size in many locality.
It is however, pertinent to note that migration is an instrument to the
solution of many social and economic problems. As a socio-economic act, migration
may not be of interest in itself other than in the result of its effect, but it
does often gives rise to problems as well as providing solutions.
My people from rural area have been moving to urban centres. Rural urban has
attracted many people simply because of white collar jobs, education, change of
environment, climate or whether condition etc. the rural urban migration in ora
clan can be seen as a spontaneous human effort to achieve balance between
population and resources. It is natural phenomenon which produces demographic
social and economic interaction that reduces some of the irregularities of
nature i.e. people wants to move from a place where there are no socio
amenities (rural), to where there are socio amenities (cities). According to
Lawai (1983). The implications of this movement is that while most of our urban
centres suffers from over population of people and activities, rural areas are
often under populated. There are two factors responsible for this movement from
rural area to urban centres. These are the “push” and the “pull” factors.
Push factors: This factor causes the
forwards movement of people from rural to urban centres. While the pull factor,
it directed or draw people towards itself e.g. education, white collar job and
among others. The most affected people in this rural urban migration are the
educated youths who are unable to obtain a suitable job in a rural area.
Rural-urban migration has a dual impact on the individual as well as the
community either directly or indirectly. It is through the contribution of
successful migrants that most important projects in ora clan have been made
possible. This fact can be buttressed by the financial support given to
gigantic project like the building of community school and village town hall in
ora. It is against this introductory background of the study that the
researcher has intended to examine how rural-urban migration has affected the
socio-economic development of rural settlement with particular reference to
oral clan in Owan West Local Government Area of Edo State.
1.2
STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
Since 1960 there has
been massive movement of people from rural areas to urban centres. This project
was meant to find out the socio-economic impacts of rural-urban migration.
Prothero (1965) recognizes four of rural urban migration which are the daily
movement, seasonal migration, short-term or periodic movements, definitive or
long term movements.
Rural-Urban Migration has become too
rampant on the rural areas especially the study area (ora clan), in Owan West
Local Government Area of Edo State. And they migrate without considering the
socio-economic impact of this movement on their parents and the community in
general.
Perhaps this movement may be as a result of lack of social amenities in the
rural areas, searching for white collar jobs, for education purposes, climate
condition among others. This is what the researcher will find out in this
project. But finance and time has been the major constraints to the realization
of this research work.
1.3
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
In view of the above
stated problems, the study therefore seeks to:
i.
Identify the causes of migration from ora village to urban centres and
enumerate the rationale behind such movements.
ii.
Examine the negative and positive of socio-economic impacts of rural urban
migration.
iii.
Suggest possible remedies to check such influx of people from rural areas to
urban centres form sound national planning and developmental purpose.
1.4
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Since research
preposition are meant to test the validity of assumption, the following
questions are stated for the purpose of this study.
a.
Why rural urban migration has greater influence on the life of rural dwellers.
b.
Did rural-urban migration occurs because of lack of employment opportunities in
the rural areas
c.
Why did the rural-urban dwellers migrate to urban centres?
d.
What is the socio-economic impact of migrating from rural area to urban
centres?
1.5
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
-
The study when successfully completed will be of value to the educational
planners.
-
The study will be of importance to researchers/students working on related
topics.
-
The study will reveal the reasons why people migrate from rural area to urban
centres.
-
The study will also be an addition to previous work on the topic. Thus, an
addition to knowledge.
1.6
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Migration:
This means the movement of people from one place to another. Teriba (1982) sees
migration as the movement of people from one civil division to another.
Settlement:
This is a place where people live.
Emigration:
It is the movement of people out of a country.
Immigration:
This is the movement of people into country.
Net migration:
The difference between the number of immigration and emigrants.
Immigrant:
These are people that move into a country.
Emigrants:
These are people that engage in the movement out of a country.
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